水葫芦重金属吸附性能再利用研究

文章将从河道中打捞的水葫芦分别进行干燥、颗粒化及纤维提取处理,然后研究其对Cu2+的吸附特性,并进一步研究了颗粒状水葫芦在不同浓度Cu2+溶液和不同pH值条件下的Cu2+吸附特性。结果发现水葫芦经过颗粒化和纤维提取处理后,其最大Cu2+吸附量基本保持不变,但吸附速率稍有提高。水葫芦颗粒袋对Cu2+溶液的吸附性能基本不受溶液pH值的影响,对痕量Cu2+溶液具有较好的吸附效果,基本达到国家污水综合排放标准规定的Cu2+含量的三级标准,是一种可以推广的再利用水葫芦重金属离子吸附性能的实用方法。     

高效低温聚磷菌的筛选及特性研究

通过人工模拟自然降温的方式,从A2/O反应器驯化污泥中筛选到低温条件下聚磷效果较好的三株功能菌株P1、P2、P3,经试验得到一种分离聚磷菌效果较好的方法 -稀释混合平板法;分析研究三株菌的聚磷效果、生化特性,测定三株菌的多维生长曲线,研究了温度、pH、微量元素对这三株菌的生长量及除磷率的影响,结果表明,三株菌的生长最适温度均为15℃,适宜的生长和除磷pH为中性偏碱。最后用分子生物学的方法对三株菌进行鉴定,三株菌均属于不动杆菌属的约氏不动杆菌(A cinetobacter Johnson ii)。     

贵州阿哈湖物质循环过程的微量元素地球化学初步研究

对贵州阿哈湖夏季和冬季分层湖水的水化学参数、溶解态微量元素和悬浮颗粒物微量元素进行了对比研究。结果显示:阿哈湖湖水夏季热分层和化学分层均较明显,而冬季湖水处于混合状态。夏季湖泊物质循环过程对生源要素Si、DOC以及Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo等微量元素的分布和迁移转化均产生了重要影响。夏季湖泊底层水体中溶解态Mn、Fe、Co和Ni的含量较高,主要受有机质降解和Fe、Mn氧化还原循环的影响,而且Mn的循环强度高于Fe循环,溶解态Cr在底层水体中仅有小幅升高;另外,沉积物孔隙水向上覆水体的释放作用对底层水体中溶解态重金属浓度的升高可能也有一定的影响。溶解态Zn和Mo在夏季底层水体中的含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,主要受到金属硫化物形成以及钼酸盐沉淀的影响。夏季悬浮颗粒物的Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo均在氧化还原界面附近呈明显富集趋势,主要受铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物吸附/解吸、氧化还原作用等水-粒相互作用过程的控制和影响;此外,金属硫化物的形成可能也对底层水体中悬浮颗粒物Zn、Mo和Ni含量的升高有一定贡献。     

海水痕量营养盐和金属的分子光谱分析方法研究进展

海洋现场观测是获取海洋环境研究数据的重要途径.鉴于海洋的现场环境严酷复杂,以及采集、储存和运输海水样品的困难,海洋化学参数的现场和原位检测一直为海洋学家所追求,成为海水分析技术的研究热点.通过综述近年来海水痕量营养盐和重要痕量金属的分子光谱分析方法的研究进展,从灵敏度和测定范围等方面,总结痕量营养盐（活性磷、亚硝氮、硝氮、铵态氮）和痕量金属（铁、锰、铜、铝）的分析技术,侧重于现场和原位测定方法,聚焦于分光光度法、荧光法和化学发光法等适用于海洋现场的光学检测方法的研究情况,同时展示这些方法及相应仪器在岸基实验室、船基实验室、海洋走航分析以及原位长期观测中的应用实例;并对现存的关键问题及可能的解决方案进行探讨,对本领域今后的发展方向做出展望.     

Copper ecotoxicology of marine algae: a methodological appraisal

The production of accurate and reliable data on copper ecotoxicology of marine algae depends on the use of trace metal clean techniques during experimentation. We reviewed the methodologies used in the literature on copper ecotoxicology of marine macro- and microalgae, specifically the use of trace metal clean procedures such as the labware used (glassware vs. plasticware), methods of cleaning the labware (acid soaking and ultrapure water rinsing), stock solution preparation (copper source and acidification), and measurement and reporting of dissolved copper concentrations. In terms of taxonomic classification, the most studied algal groups were the Phyla Ochrophyta, Bacillariophyta, Rhodophyta, and Chlorophyta. In terms of methodology, ～50% of the articles did not specify the labware, ～25% used glassware, and ～25% plasticware; ～30% of the studies specified cleaning protocols for labware to remove trace metal impurities; the copper form used to prepare the stock solutions was specified in ～80% of studies but acidification to stabilise the dissolved copper was performed in only ～20%; and the dissolved copper concentration was measured in only ～40% of studies. We discuss the importance of following trace metal clean techniques for the comparison and interpretation of data obtained on copper ecotoxicology in algae.     

Current trends in the research on soil changes due to deforestation,burning and cultivation in the Brazilian tropics

The effects of large‐scale destruction of the tropical forest on soil characteristics are presented, with emphasis on the Amazon Basin. Human activities progressively modify natural equilibrium in soils and streams, especially in Brazil, where about 25 000 km² of virgin forest are annually removed. Of the soil uses, the installation of annual crops and pastures in previously clear‐cut and burned areas is the main subject of this paper.     

Trace metals used as natural markers for discriminating some karstic freshwaters near Trieste (Italy)

Some heavy metals have been determined using voltammetry in freshwaters forming part of a karstic hydrological system (the Timavo River, north of Trieste), during attempts to characterize and discriminate the different sources of the springs. The trace elements can be considered natural markers, with lead appearing to be the most discriminating variable. Non parametric statistics and cluster analysis were used to estimate the significance of the determined parameters with respect to the considered ecosystem.     

Influence of cadmium on the storage and metabolism of HCH in rats

Male albino rats were administered Cd and HCH daily for six weeks to study the effect of Cd on storage and metabolism of HCH. The results indicated a marked inhibition of the metabolism of HCH in the group dosed with HCH + Cd. The metabolic rate of HCH in the group dosed with HCH + Cd was also significantly lower than that in the group dosed with HCH alone. The hepatic content of Cd and Zn was significantly increased whereas a marked depletion of Cu and Fe was observed in the groups exposed to Cd and HCH + Cd. A high level of free Cd and Zn or a low level of Fe and Cu in liver seemed to play an important role in the metabolic inhibition observed in this study.     

Bioaccumulation and adverse effects of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the common onion Allium cepa as a model in ecotoxicological bioassays

The common onion Allium cepa can be easily used in ecotoxicological bioassays to evaluate the bioavailability and adverse effects of pollutants and complex mixtures like waste, industrial effluent or coal-mining drainage that contain elevated levels of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, onions were exposed for 7 days to individual metals (1?µg?mL^?1), i.e., aluminium, copper, iron and manganese, or PAHs (1.5?ng?mL^?1), i.e., benzo[a]antracene and benzo[a]pirene. Biological effects, measured as growth inhibition of roots and leaves, were integrated with analysis of bioaccumulation in roots, bulbs and leaves. Copper, iron and benzo[a]pirene caused a significant inhibition in root development of newly formed tissues, whereas only slight variations were caused by other chemicals; the number of new root filaments and the length of the leaves did not show significant variations, thus not representing sensitive parameters to evaluate adverse effects of pollutants in A. cepa. Chemicals bioaccumulation was always significant in roots, whereas levels in bulbs and leaves exhibited increased levels only for manganese, and a decrease for aluminium. The overall results confirmed the sensitivity of the bioassays with A. cepa, suggesting their utility for future applications to evaluate the adverse effects of complex mixtures containing metals or PAHs.     

Trace metal contents in some brands of canned beef in Nigeria

The concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel in some brands of canned beef in Nigerian markets were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean concentration ranges for these metals in mg?kg^?1 were 0.02–0.37 for Cd, <0.04–0.75 for Cr, 1.1–2.4 for Cu, <0.001–1.5 for Pb, 1.1–8.0 for Zn, <0.04–0.57 for Mn, 13.8–28.8 for Fe, 0.05–0.26 for Co, and 0.8–5.9 for Ni. The estimated dietary intake of metals from these products did not indicate any risk since the values were far below the permissible dietary intakes.