关于中国水资源管理问题的思考

当前中国水资源危机的重要原因源于管理制度。传统水资源管理思路下的水资源管理实践存在很多弊端，已不适应新形势下水资源管理工作的需要，而且无法应对一些新因素的挑战。因此，改变传统的管理思路，树立新型水资源管理思路是新时期中国的必然选择。     

三种综合气象干旱指数在洞庭湖流域的适用性分析

结合洞庭湖流域水文气象特点,从不合理跳跃点、统计特征、区域干旱以及空间分布等方面综合分析了3种气象干旱指数在该流域的适用性及可靠性。评价结果表明：（1）NCC2CI与CInew指数均可较好解决传统CI指数评估中出现的不合理震荡、旱情加剧等不足,且该指数对长历时干旱表现较为敏感,对短历时干旱存在漏测的可能性;（2）对具有较大烈度特征的干旱事件,NCC2CI指数虽然能较好地监测出等级较高的干旱强度,但对极端干旱强度的特征表征有所不足;（3）干旱NCC2CI指数较好地延续了传统CI指数的统计特性以及空间分布特性,反映出的某时段较大降水对日后的影响时段为20~40 d,指数表征更加符合干旱发生的过程。而CInew指数反映的影响时段为45~70 d,且在空间分布上变化较大,应用可靠性相对较差。综合比较分析表明,NCC2CI指数在洞庭湖流域更具实用性,研究结果对其它类似流域干旱评估具有一定参考作用     

Research on challenges and strategies for China’s green economy development

The last 20 years have been the fastest economic developing period of China,and China has made great economic achievements through undertaking international industrial transfer.However,undertaking international industrial transfer has brought about severe environmental problems to China and the process of undertaking international industry transfer is also a process of undertaking international transfer of natural resource consumption and environmental pollution.Nowadays,China has the heaviest ecological burden and highest environmental risk in the world,and is gradually losing international competitive advantages among traditional industries.China is facing unprecedented pressure of economic transformation.Besides the advantages like huge domestic demands and abundant civil capital,China faces more challenges in its green economy development.First,China is still in the middle of industrialization and urbanization processes,hence the huge demands for traditional industries will only last 10-15 more years.Meanwhile,China lacks core technologies for transforming traditional industries,which means these industries will have high shut-down risks.Second,the domestic market share for new green industries is limited,since the market is dominated by traditional energy industries.Third,the value of land,water,mineral,and other natural resources is extremely underestimated because the environmental cost is excluded from the enterprises’cost-benefit calculation.China should foster and expand green industries based on domestic demands,and then strive for competitive advantages in the international market in the future.Therefore,China should focus on the following four points in order to promote green industry development:establishing a forced-upgrading-mechanism for traditional industries,an incentive-development-mechanism for new green industries and a TFP-based(total factor productivity based)economic development evaluation system;promoting the integration of new-type urbanization,new emerging industries,and new employments;taking the model of"technology innovating-patent formulating-standard establishing-market guiding"to enhance the global competitiveness of China’s new emerging industries;and building green consumption patterns in the whole society.     

Effect of triazole pesticide formulation on bovine culture cells

To date, most data about the possible genotoxic effect of triazole pesticides are focused on laboratory animals resulting in limited information on further non-target organisms such as cattle. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of triazole (tebuconazole/prothioconazole) fungicide formulation on the induction of chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and DNA fragmentation in bovine cultured lymphocytes. Our results showed that the fungicide formulation did not induce significant number of CAs in bovine cells after 24 h treatment. Nevertheless, the dose-dependent reduction of mitotic division was observed, with the strongest effect at 30.0 μg mL^?1 in both donors (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Prolonged 48 h exposure caused the increased level of breaks in treated cultures (3.0?15.0 μg mL^?1; P < 0.05) and significant decrease in mitotic index (MI). The tested fungicide failed to produce any statistical changes in the SCE frequency neither after 24 h nor 48 h treatment. However, the significant decline of the proliferation index (PI) was observed after 24 h indicating the fungicide influence on cell cycle kinetics. Prolonged 48 h exposure caused cytotoxicity reflecting in lower PI value relative to control mainly at the highest fungicide concentrations (30.0 μg mL^?1, P < 0.001). Using painting probes for bovine chromosomes 1, 5 and 7 (BTA1, BTA5 and BTA7) only low levels of aneuploidies were detected. Significant increase of polyploidy cells (P < 0.05) was induced by a 3.0 μg mL^?1 dose of the fungicide after 48 h. DNA fragmentation assay didn't reveal the presence of DNA nucleosome ladder in cell cultures at any time (24 h and 48 h) and fungicide concentration.     

中国传统村落与贫困村的空间相关性及其影响因素

以住房和城乡建设部公布的五批传统村落及“十二五”期间“整村推进”贫困村为对象,分析中国传统村落和贫困村的空间相关性,并探讨其与区域自然环境和社会经济因素之间的关系。研究发现：（1）传统村落与贫困村的空间相关性方面,传统村落密度高—贫困村密度高的聚类区域主要分布在湖北、湖南、贵州以及广西的交界、山西北部,集中在连片特困山区。低—低类型区域主要集中在东北沿边、西北以及部分沿海地区,低—高类型区域集中在省际边界地区,高—低类型区域则主要分布在经济发展水平较高的浙江和福建。（2）将传统村落密度低—贫困村密度低类作为参照,低—高类区域与交通可达性水平、地区经济发展显著负相关,与人口、气温、高程、坡度这几个变量显著正相关;说明传统村落密度低的区域,人口更多、交通可达性水平差、地区经济发展更差、自然条件更为恶劣（气温变化、坡度和高程增加,降水量少）地区,陷入贫困的风险也更高。（3）相对低—低类型区域,城镇化率与高—低类型区域显著正相关,说明当同时位于低密度贫困村区域时,传统村落密度更好的地区其城镇化率也更高,城镇化进程没有严重冲击传统村落的保护;高—高类区域与交通可达性水平、人口呈显著负相关。（4）不同坡度、气温、降水量对传统村落与贫困村分布空间相关性的影响情况均有所不同,因此有必要因地制宜制定传统村落扶贫开发策略。研究成果可为我国基于传统村落保护和开发的乡村振兴提供一定的对象指引支撑。     

中华传统文化在大学生品德修养中的作用

加强大学生品德修养是高校的根本任务之一。传统文化凝聚了民族精神的精华,是中华民族之魂,它具有永恒的价值。优秀的传统文化有利于大学生爱国精神的培养,有利于大学生自强不息、积极进取精神的培养,有利于大学生道德感和责任感的提高,有利于大学生人格的完善,有利于大学生博大胸襟的形成。     

能量比值法构建与实证检验——关于农业资源利用效率测算方法的一个改进

农业自然资源利用效率的测算与比较方法较多,如比值分析法、生产函数法、包络分析法、能量效率评价方法、因子-能量评价方法、能值评价方法和指标体系评价方法等.其中,比值分析法因其操作性强、计算简单而被研究者广泛应用.但是,比值分析法存在的一些缺陷使该方法测算的结果受到猜疑.为此,本文试图把"能量"引入到农业资源利用效率中来,采用能量比值法代替传统的比值方法测算农业资源利用效率,并以土地为例,对该方法进行实证比较检验.传统比值法相对能量比值法而言,对于农业资源利用效率评估过于偏大或偏小,利用能量比值法更能够比较农业资源在不同地区、时间段和不同品种之间的利用效率,可为调整农业结构提供参考依据.     

中药中汞的形态分析方法、生物有效性与毒性效应研究

朱砂作为许多传统中药的有效成分,在我国已有数千年的应用历史.然而,这些中药中超标的汞含量已成为近年来中药出口的最大壁垒.研究中药中汞的赋存形态及不同形态的毒性效应和生物有效性,有助于辩证地理解中药中汞含量与毒性效应的关系,为科学地制定中药中汞的限量标准提供有力的依据.     

Comparison of Outcomes of Permanently Closed and Periodically Harvested Coral Reef Reserves

Abstract: In many areas of the developing world, the establishment of permanent marine reserves is inhibited by cultural norms or socioeconomic pressures. Community conserved areas that are periodically harvested are increasingly being implemented as fisheries management tools, but few researchers have empirically compared them with permanently closed reserves. We used a hierarchal control‐impact experimental design to compare the abundance and biomass of reef fishes, invertebrates, and substrate composition in periodically harvested and permanent reserves and in openly fished (control sites) of the South Pacific island country of Vanuatu. Fished species had significantly higher biomass in periodically harvested reserves than in adjacent openly fished areas. We did not detect differences in substratum composition between permanent reserves and openly fished areas or between permanent reserves and periodically harvested reserves. Giant clams (tridacnids) and top shells (Trochus niloticus) were vulnerable to periodic harvest, and we suggest that for adequate management of these species, periodically harvested community conservation areas be used in conjunction with other management strategies. Periodic harvest within reserves is an example of adaptive and flexible management that may meet conservation goals and that is suited to the social, economic, and cultural contexts of many coastal communities in the developing world.     

Kinetic assessment of persistent halogenated xenobiotics in cell culture models: comparison of mono- and poly-halogenated compounds

We evaluated the suitability of single and multiple cell type cultures as model systems to characterise cellular kinetics of highly lipophilic compounds with potential ecotoxicological impact. Confluent mono-layers of human skin fibroblasts, rat astrocytoma C6 cells, non-differentiated and differentiated mouse 3T3 cells were kept in culture medium supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum. For competitive uptake experiments up to four different cell types, grown on glass sectors, were exposed for 3 h to ¹⁴C-labelled model compounds, dissolved either in organic solvents or incorporated into unilamellar lecithin liposomes. Bromo-, or chloro-benzenes, decabromodiphenylether (DBP), and dichlorodiphenyl ethylene (DDE) were tested in rather high concentration of 20 μM. Cellular toxicity was low. Compound levels were related to protein, DNA, and triglyceride contents. Cellular uptake was fast and dependent on physico-chemical properties of the compounds (lipophilicity, molecular size), formulation, and cell type. Mono-halogenated benzenes showed low and similar uptake levels (= low accumulation compounds). DBP and DDE showed much higher cellular accumulations (= high accumulation compounds) except for DBP in 3T3 cells. Uptake from liposomal formulations was mostly higher than if compounds were dissolved in organic solvents. The extent of uptake correlated with the cellular content of triglycerides, except for DBP. Uptake competition between different cell types was studied in a sectorial multi-cell culture model. For low accumulation compounds negligible differences were found among C6 cells and fibroblasts. Uptake of DDE was slightly and that of DBP highly increased in fibroblasts. Well-defined cell culture systems, especially the sectorial model, are appropriate to screen for bioaccumulation and cytotoxicity of (unknown) chemical entities in vitro.