面向排放量化的低速区间机动车比功率分布特性与模型

随着排放建模方法从基于行驶周期和平均速度演变为基于VSP(Vehicle Specific Power)参数,利用VSP分布刻画交通状态成为最新的研究需求.近期研究中,针对城市快速路上大于20 km·h-1的速度区间建立了基于平均行程速度的VSP分布数学模型,却未对低速区间的VSP分布特征作深入研究.基于北京快速路大量逐秒浮动车数据,研究0～20 km·h-1的VSP分布与平均行程速度的关系.通过分析大量逐秒浮动数据的VSP分布与平均速度间关系,发现VSP分布与平均行程速度具有规律性:各VSP分布的峰值出现在VSP Bin=0处,且随速度的增加单调递减.因此,针对VSP分布的正、负区间以及VSP Bin=0处分别建立数学模型,并利用该模型进行机动车油耗/排放测算.对比分析油耗/排放的预测值和实测值得出,所建立的VSP分布模型可以有效用于机动车油耗/排放测算.     

Estimation of PM10 in the traffic-related atmosphere for three road types in Beijing and Guangzhou, China

The levels of roadside PM10 in Beijing, China, were investigated in 2011 and 2012 on a seasonal basis to estimate the population exposure to particulates for three road types. The measurements of PM10 were also conducted in the southern Chinese megacity of Guangzhou for comparison purposes. The results showed that roadside PMlo in Beijing correlated strongly with the PM10 background in the urban atmosphere. The levels of PM10 in street canyons were markedly higher than those along the open roads and in crossroad areas because of limited ventilation. An elevation of PM10 was observed in April, which was possibly due to the sand storms that frequently occur in the spring. Based on these observations, roadside PM10 in Beijing could have multiple origins and was to some extent dispersion- governed. In Guangzhou, the roadside PM10 did not closely relate to the background values. The PM10 pollution was greatly affected by local traffic conditions. The simulation of PM10 for different road types was completed during the study period using the Motor Vehicle Emissions Factor Model （MOBILE6.2） as an emission model and the California Line Source Dispersion Model （CALINE4） and Operational Street Pollution Model （OSPM） as dispersion models. The MOBILE6.2/CALINE4 software package was demonstrated to be sufficient for the simulation of PM10 in the open roads and crossroad areas in both Beijing and Guangzhou, and the simulation results of roadside PM10 in the street canyons by the MOBILE6.2/OSPM package were in close agreement with those of the measurements.     

融合分心维度的驾驶行为可靠性研究

分心驾驶容易影响驾驶行为,进而导致交通事故的问题。用理论建模方法,研究分心对驾驶行为及其可靠性的影响。介绍分心驾驶的定义和维度。基于驾驶行为理论,建立融合分心维度的驾驶行为模型,分析不同分心维度对驾驶行为的影响机理。基于可靠性理论,建立融合分心维度的驾驶行为可靠性模型,分析不同分心维度对驾驶行为可靠性的影响。结果表明:不同维度分心对驾驶行为的影响具有各自特点和交互性;减少影响系数高的分心维度,有助于提高驾驶行为可靠性;多维度分心比单维度分心会更大程度地降低驾驶行为可靠度,应减少或避免复合分心。     

喜鹊筑巢行为对我国电气化铁路运输安全影响的调查研究——以朔黄铁路为例

喜鹊的筑巢与繁殖给铁路运输安全带来了巨大隐患.以朔黄铁路为例,介绍了目前喜鹊筑巢行为的治理方法,并进行了优劣对比,提出了"引导与驱鸟结合"的双重治理措施,以及研发适合电气化铁路的新型数码超声波驱鸟器的方案.     

高速公路隧道入口区段交通流模拟与安全性研究

隧道内外照明差异使交通流状态产生了相应的变化.为模拟高速公路隧道入口交通流运行与安全状态,根据驾驶速度与能见度关系,提出了元胞传输模型的改进原理与方法.通过与实际道路交通流数据的比较,验证了模型的有效性.运用该模型模拟并比较不同条件下交通运行状态.结果表明,改进的元胞传输模型能够揭示隧道入口流量与车速状态.受到隧道能见度的影响,在隧道入口段车速将有明显的降低.随着隧道内能见度的降低,这种影响更为明显.高流量情况下,隧道入口的扰动可能影响后续车辆速度与流量;低流量情况下则影响不大.车速扰动对于道路全段的安全性影响较大,在交通激波的传递过程中,更容易出现交通事故.低密度情况下,隧道内能见度越低,安全性越差.     

Vehicle-Induced Lead and Cadmium Contamination of Roadside Soil and Plants in Italy

Lead and cadmium concentrations in spontaneous vegetation and in soil sampled at various distances (0–208 m) from several motorways throughout Italy were measured. Lead and cadmium concentrations appear to be correlated to distance from the motorway and to traffic levels. A comparison with data from a remote and unpolluted site shows that foliar lead concentrations can be up to 40 times higher, and foliar cadmium concentrations up to 3 times higher. Plants behave differently in their accumulation of lead and cadmium; conifers present the highest levels. Also the various receptors and compartments of the roadside ecosystem differ in their accumulation of lead and cadmium; soil and bark have consistently higher concentrations, while the leaves and twigs of trees have consistently lower levels. the data recorded by ad hoc introduced bio-accumulating plants (Lolium multiflorum L.) are consistent with those of the spontaneous vegetation. the concentrations of both lead and cadmium in Lolium vary from June to November, following in part the fluctuation in traffic density.     

铁岭市线源车流量调查及污染物排放量的估算

通过对辽宁省铁岭市主要交通干线车流量的调查，估算出不同干线污染物的排放量，借以掌握线源污染物排放量，为环境管理提供依据。     

公路交通事故黑点分析系统的设计

在公路交通事故黑点分析系统需求分析的基础上,设计了公路交通事故黑点分析系统的总体结构、数据库和算法库,提出系统流程及各个模块的功能。数据库设计给出事故黑点分析系统的E-R图与逻辑结构;算法库设计重点实现对应分析法,提出运用对应分析法进行事故黑点成因分析的原理和步骤;应用面向对象的系统开发技术研发应用软件,通过事故黑点信息查询窗口、事故黑点判定窗口和事故黑点成因分析结果图的实现,论证了应用软件进行公路事故黑点成因分析的可行性和实用性。     

基于绿色交通理念的城市交通可持续发展策略

可持续发展是人类对传统发展模式发思后的理性回归,是一种将社会发展从单纯经济增长拓展到经济、社会、环境协调发展的新理念。绿色交通是一种以人为本的环保交通,其核心是交通的通达、有序,参与交通个体的安全、舒适,同时尽可能少的消耗能源、产生污染。绿色交通是实现城市交通可持续发展的有效手段,交通可持续发展是可持续发展理念在交通领域中的具体体现。本文以深圳市为例,从交通设施、居民出行、能源消耗、环境影响几方面分析了城市交通发展现状,并采用层次分析法(AHP)构建了交通可持续发展评价指标体系,对2000～2007年深圳市交通可持续发展水平进行了评价,最后从优化公众出行结构、推广绿色交通工具、改善城市交通环境等方面提出了城市绿色交通发展策略。     

集对分析在山区农村公路路侧危险等级评价中的应用

为反映山区农村公路危险性的实际情况,筛选影响交通安全的相关因素,建立山区农村公路路侧危险等级评价体系。基于集对分析(SPA)方法,引入能够体现系统确定性与不确定性的同异反联系度(IDC)的计算公式,并建立山区农村公路路侧危险等级评价的集对分析模型(SPAM)。模型从3个层次阐明评价过程中SPA的具体意义,并将多指标表示成一个能从总体上衡量道路危险性的n元联系数。用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,从主观和客观两方面定量计算山区农村公路危险程度。承德某山区农村公路的模型应用实例表明:SPAM模型充分利用研究问题所包含的不确定性信息,将辩证认识与定量描述有机结合起来,是山区农村公路复杂系统综合评价的一种新方法。