旅游景区的低碳交通模式研究

景区内部交通构成旅游景区碳排放的主体,创建低碳旅游景区必然要走低碳交通之路。旅游景区的低碳交通建设是一个系统工程。从低碳景区创建角度出发,对景区内几种典型交通方式的碳排放情况进行定量分析和初步比较,从交通工具的选择与改进、交通站点的合理设置、景区道路的科学规划、运营管理的技术引入等方面构建旅游景区的低碳交通模式,为相关景区选择低碳化的交通方式提供依据。     

城市节假日前后碳通量特征及其与车流量关系

全球变化背景下,城市作为主要的碳源,对其碳循环的研究成为陆地生态系统碳循环的重点内容之一。以上海市奉贤区为研究对象,基于涡度相关技术,结合定点连续观测的车流量数据,分析节假日（元旦）前后CO2浓度和碳通量的变化特征,及其与车流量的关系。结果表明,CO2浓度和通量日变化呈现明显的双峰型曲线,节假日CO2浓度（385.6mg/L）平均值低于工作日（401.1 mg/L）。在本研究时段内该系统表现为碳源,尽管在白天的某些时段是碳汇,表明城市系统碳通量受自然和人为2个因素共同作用,自然因素比如该系统中的香樟、雪松等常绿植物的光合作用,人为因素由人类活动造成。基于车流量与交通流量的线性回归分析表明,机动车量碳排放对于碳通量变化产生18%的贡献。     

Biochemical study of retired pentachlorophenol workers with and without following dietary exposure to PCDD/Fs

Objectives

This is the first research study to compare among female, non-smoker workers: (a) the exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTXs) in urban air during work in the street (traffic policewomen, TP) vs. work in vehicles (police drivers, PD); (b) the exposure to BTXs in urban environments (in street and in car) vs. rural environments (roadwomen, RW); (c) the values of blood benzene, urinary trans, trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) in urban areas (in street and in car) vs. rural areas.

Methods

Passive personal samplings and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure environmental and occupational exposure to BTXs during the work shift in 48 TP, 21 PD and 22 RW. In the same study subjects, blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were measured at the end of each work shift.

Results

Personal exposure of urban workers to benzene seemed to be higher than the exposure measured by the fixed monitoring stations. Personal exposure to benzene and toluene was (a) similar among TP and PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Personal exposure to xylenes was (a) higher in TP than in PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA levels were similar among TP and PD, although the blood benzene level was significantly higher in urban workers compared to rural workers. In urban workers, airborne benzene and blood benzene levels were significantly correlated.

Conclusions

Benzene is a human carcinogen, and BTXs are potential reproductive toxins at low dose exposures. Biological and environmental monitoring to assess exposure to BTXs represents a preliminary and necessary tool for the implementation of preventive measures for female subjects working in outdoor environments.     

常青道路景观配置对交通噪声的衰减效果

选取重庆市主城区常见的3种道路景观植物——石楠(阔叶类植物)、小叶黄杨(中等叶子类植物)和雪松(针叶类植物),研究常青道路植物对交通噪声的衰减效果。结果表明:(1)在相同排列条件下,3种植物的降噪能力依次为石楠>小叶黄杨>雪松。对单一植物种,植物间交叉排列的绿化带对交通噪声的衰减效果比平行排列好。(2)不同种类植物对噪声的插入损失峰值所处的频段不同。针叶类植物对低频(<500Hz)噪声有很好的衰减效果,阔叶类植物对高频(>2 000Hz)噪声有很好的衰减效果,中等叶子类植物对中频(500～2 000Hz)噪声有很好的衰减效果。(3)选择针叶类植物和较大冠幅的阔叶类植物搭配种植,如雪松和石楠,可有效地提高绿化带对各频段的交通噪声的吸收能力。     

机动车与环境

机动车是城市最主要的交通工具。目前全世界拥有的机动车数量已经是6亿辆,全世界石油资源消耗的一半是用于交通运输的燃料消耗。全世界的机动车每年抛向大气层的温室气体CO2为40亿t,是人类活动排放总量的20%。由机动车所排放的PM、HC和NOX等污染物对人体健康构成了严重威胁。世界上石油资源的储量有限,氢能机动车尤其是质子交换膜燃料电池汽车是未来最理想的选择。     

Ecological assessment of the environmental impacts of the kerosene burning in jet turbines and its improvement assessment

The burning of kerosene in jet turbines is investigated for two reference flights with a Boeing 747-400 and an Airbus A320-200, representing the typical Lufthansa planes for long and middle distance. The ecological evaluation is performed by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Formation of condensation trails, which is a specific environmental impact caused by air traffic, has to be considered in addition to established LCA impact categories. Based on the ecological assessment, an improvement assessment is performed. Environmental performance of diesel fuel during the combustion in car engines is analysed based on available publications. The relevant parameters for the environmental impact of the combustion of diesel (aromatics content, reduction of sulphur content, the reduction of the density and raising of the cetane number) are discussed with regard to improvements of the exhaust qualities of kerosene. A reduction of the aromatics content promises to improve the emission of soot which should be further investigated.     

高速公路与城市道路沿线交通噪声对环境的污染分析

在我国一些中心大城市,道路交通量迅猛增长,交通污染的问题也日益突出。本文主要阐述了交通噪声对道路沿线环境污染的危害,并提出了降噪为主要目标的综合治理的方法以及措施：采用多孔隙低噪声沥青路面,设置声屏障以及在道路两侧设置绿化带降噪声等,     

北京市交通路口大气颗粒物污染特征研究(Ⅲ)——大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征

研究了北京市典型交通路口大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征及影响因素.于2000年6月在北京市主要交通路口之一的崇文门路口采集大气中TSP,PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品,并进行样品中ρ(PAHs)的分析及机动车流量调查.研究结果表明:机动车排放是交通路口大气颗粒物中PAHs的首要来源;多环芳烃在粒径较小的粒子中比例较高;白天ρ(PAHs)随机动车流量的增加而增加,夜晚ρ(PAHs)高于白天;污染源识别表明,交通路口大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃除主要来源于机动车尾气排放外,还有一部分来源于道路扬尘.      

智能交通安全系统的研究

随着智能交通系统概念的提出 ,在交通领域中 ,该系统已得到了极大的发展和应用 ,同时对世界各国城市交通的发展起了极大的推动作用。而在交通的发展过程中 ,交通安全始终是第一重要的 ,智能交通安全系统是智能交通系统的重要组成部分。笔者研究和探讨了智能交通安全系统的概念、组成及自动事件管理系统、可变信息标志系统、自动化的商业车辆系统、在智能交通中所起的重要作用 ,并介绍了美国的一些经验     

控制居住区交通噪声的建筑措施

首先分析了交通噪声对居住区声环境的影响,然后重点探讨相应的防治方法,特别是在居住区的规划中,就利用对噪声不敏感的建筑物和绿化隔离带形成小区周边的声屏障、合理布置小区道路系统并防止城市交通穿越、加强住宅建筑设计中隔声构造处理等方面提出了具体的技术措施。