大城市无信号控制人行横道行人过街延误分析

从心理学角度,以大城市无信号控制人行横道过街行人为研究对象,对行人过街延误进行定量分析研究。以北京市两个典型无信号控制人行横道为实例进行交通调查分析,计算行人的临界穿越间隙,安全穿越间隙出现的概率,及行人穿越该处的总延误时间。计算结果表明:观测路段车流中提供的安全穿越间隙的概率比较低;行人强行穿越的重要原因是行人过街延误超出了行人等待心理极限;验证了模型的精度;找出了观测路段交通秩序混乱的原因。针对大城市无信号控制人行横道的分析结果,提出了具体的改进建议和交通改善措施,为国内大城市行人交通安全管理提供了决策依据和有益参考。     

道路交通事故死亡者家属精神损失改进模型

针对道路交通事故死亡者家属的精神损失具有外延明确而内涵不明确的特点,将其作为一个灰色系统来研究,应用投入产出理论、人力资本投资理论和灰色理论,在已有计算模型的基础上,以时间投入、健康投入和教育投入为指标,建立了计算道路交通事故死亡者家属精神损失的改进模型。在确定灰色局势白化值、不同年龄段有效余生、投入产出比例系数与精神损失分配系数的基础上,给出了家属精神损失与道路交通事故死亡者健康等级、受教育程度、年龄分布的量化关系。由于该模型考虑了道路交通事故死亡者的教育投入因素,因此,与已有模型相比,笔者所提出的计算模型更能真实全面地反映道路交通事故给死亡者家属带来的精神损失。     

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways: a nationwide US survey

This study addresses the effect of urban planning and road development on the health risk of students attending schools near major roadways. The proximity of public schools and students was quantified to Interstate, US and state highways in nine large Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) of the USA. In total among the surveyed schools and students, over 30% fell within 400 m of a major roadway and over 10% were within 100 m. For some MSAs almost half of the student population attended schools near (≤400m) major roadways, resulting in a potentially increased risk for asthma and other chronic respiratory problems, especially in schools representing the urban fringe locale. It was concluded that proximity of major roadways should be an important factor in considering sites for new schools and developing policies for reducing the exposure in existing schools. The findings provide an important reference point for coordinating future urban development, transportation and environmental policies.     

The impact of environmental, vehicle and driver characteristics on injury severity in older drivers hospitalized as a result of a traffic crash

INTRODUCTION: Compared to younger age groups, older people are more likely to be seriously injured or to die as a result of a traffic crash. METHOD: The aim of the study is to examine the impact of environmental, vehicle, crash, and driver characteristics on injury severity in older drivers involved in traffic crashes by using recently linked police crash records and hospitalization data from New South Wales, Australia. The severity of injury resulting from traffic crashes was measured using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) Injury Severity Score (ICISS). RESULTS: Multivariate analysis identified rurality, presence of complex intersections, road speed limit, driver error, speeding, and seat belt use as independent predictors of injury severity in older people. The type of intersection configuration explained over half of the observed variations in injury severity. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Environmental modification such as intersection treatments might contribute to a decrease in the severity of injury in older people involved in road crashes.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

水泥基压电传感器在交通量监测中的应用:(2)现场试验(英文)

介绍了一套基于耐久性好、价格低廉及全天候运行的水泥基压电传感器的交通量监测系统。首先将两个水泥基压电传感器埋入一段混凝土梁的两端,以此梁作为埋入路面下的传感单元。再将4根测试好的混凝土梁埋入一条车道的两道沟槽内,每道槽内放入两根。系统运行时通过传感器数据分析来计算交通流量,即以测试信号中的峰值个数计算车辆数,以传感器的响应之和计算车重,并以两道沟内传感器响应的时间差及距离计算车速。其后通过已知重量的卡车进行传感系统现场标定。目前,该套系统已经成功安装到一座高速公路桥梁中,且运行顺利。通过与视频监测结果的对比表明,该系统能够准确的获得车流量、车辆速度以及近似重量。进而可见,该水泥基压电传感器在交通量监测中是有效的。     

水泥基压电传感器在交通量监测中的应用:(1)基本特性(英文)

交通量监测在公路管理养护系统中有着重要的作用。为此,一种用于监测交通量的新型水泥基压电传感器得以开发研制。该传感器能够响应由于车辆所引起的冲击荷载,而且具有耐久性好、价格低廉及全天候运行等优点。本文介绍了该传感器的制作及其基本性质。并将两个水泥基压电传感器埋置于一段混凝土梁中,以该梁作为埋入路面以下的传感单元。对该梁的测试实验表明,埋入混凝土梁的水泥基压电传感的性能没有发生变化,仍可以正确地反应各类冲击荷载。由此可见,该水泥基压电传感器对交通量的监测应用中是行之有效的。     

广东省特大道路交通事故统计分析及预防对策

通过调查收集2000年1月—2010年8月广东省的特大交通事故数据,以事故形态、空间、时间为分类依据,分析广东省特大交通事故的统计分布特征;在此基础上,针对碰撞型和翻坠型事故分析事故形态、公路等级、事故时段与死亡人数之间的联系。研究表明:广东省特大道路交通事故的主要形态为碰撞型和翻坠型,高发于高速公路和低等级公路,主要发生在凌晨时分、早晨时分、午后时分以及傍晚时分。广东省境内发生的特大交通事故是疲劳驾驶、超速行驶、超载运营、行车环境等因素综合作用的结果,建议采取改进驾驶员培训考核内容、改善行车环境、加强违章监控力度等措施保障交通安全。     

我国公路交通防抗极端天气灾害的应急探讨

极端天气事件将变得更加频繁和剧烈,为了提高我国公路交通防抗极端天气灾害的应急能力,采用分析对比和调查研究的方法,探讨我国公路交通在防抗2008年南方大雪灾中的应急管理工作与处置技术,研究国内外目前应对极端天气的成功经验。结果表明:我国公路交通防抗极端天气灾害主要在组织机构、责任机制、信息渠道和处置技术等方面存在问题。通过提出我国公路交通防抗极端天气应急处置的具体流程,可以迅速控制、减轻和消除公路交通极端天气引起的危害,及时恢复公路交通正常通行。     

危险天气影响航路飞行区域的划设及评估

危险天气影响区域的划设是进行航班改航路径规划的关键,笔者提出一种新的飞行受限区域划设方法及评估方案。针对现有方法的不足,提出基于Graham算法的初始飞行受限区划设方法。在此基础上,综合考虑危险天气的移动、边界变化和随机因素的影响,提出动态飞行受限区的划设方法,并给出3个用于评估飞行受限区划设优劣的指标。最后,以我国西南雷暴多发地区为例进行仿真验证,结果表明,笔者所提方法能够快速有效地对危险天气进行划设,弥补了现有方法的不足,具有很强的应用性。