河北省农村地区防震减灾意识调查及对策研究

通过问卷调查和深度访谈,发现河北省农村地区防震减灾意识现状不客乐观,突出表现为:对地震预报存在认识误区、震害防御意识淡薄、应急救援能力欠缺、防震减灾宣传有待深化、地震灾害中信息获取能力不足.究其原因:农村地区经济发展水平、农村社会人员结构和基层地震部门软硬件条件制约了防震减灾意识的提升.因此,相关部门应该因时、因地制宜...     

提高环境意识转变公众行为应对气候变化

全球气候变化是人类面临的最为严峻的挑战之一,如何有效地提高公众环境意识,发挥公众在应对气候变化中的积极作用,是目前面临的重要课题。本文在研究环境意识、环境宣传教育的国内外理论基础上,结合成功的公众气候变化宣传教育典型案例,探讨提高公众意识,切实参与应对气候变化的机制和途径。     

精神支持与物质支持对建筑工人不安全行为影响对比

为向建筑工人提供更具针对性的支持,对比分析精神支持和物质支持的影响效果,分别构建精神支持和物质支持对建筑工人不安全行为的影响机理,基于351名建筑工人调查数据,采用结构方程模型展开实证研究.研究结果表明:精神支持和物质支持对建筑工人安全意识的提高和工作压力的降低都具有显著影响;相较于物质支持,精神支持影响效果更好,更能...     

Individual preparedness and mitigation actions for a predicted earthquake in Istanbul

This study investigated the process of taking action to mitigate damage and prepare for an earthquake at the individual level. Its specific aim was to identify the factors that promote or inhibit individuals in this process. The study was conducted in Istanbul, Turkey—where an earthquake is expected soon—in May and June 2006 using qualitative methods. Within our conceptual framework, three different patterns emerged among the study subjects. Outcome expectancy, helplessness, a low socioeconomic level, a culture of negligence, a lack of trust, onset time/poor predictability, and normalisation bias inhibit individuals in this process, while location, direct personal experience, a higher education level, and social interaction promote them. Drawing on these findings, the paper details key points for better disaster communication, including whom to mobilise to reach target populations, such as individuals with direct earthquake experience and women.     

矿工情境意识多层递阶驱动模型构建

为了分析煤矿工人的情境意识要素间的因果关系结构,建立更具鲁棒性的情境意识驱动模型,提出了一种基于DEMATEL和ISM法耦合的矿工情境意识驱动模型构建方法。首先,在构建情境意识概念模型的基础上从组织、个人和环境3个维度辨识矿工情境意识驱动要素;然后,运用熵值法计算矿工情境意识驱动要素的权重,并借助DEMATEL和ISM方法确定情境意识驱动要素间的因果作用关系,进而构建矿工情境意识驱动模型。结果表明,班组安全氛围是矿工情境意识的根本影响因素;生理心理状况、工作记忆、作业能力和作业经验是直接影响因素;组织制度、人岗匹配性、作业环境、培训组织、作业规程和作业负荷设计是间接影响因素。     

A theoretical and methodological framework for studying and modelling drivers’ mental representations

This article provides a synthetic overview of the research programme carried out at INRETS-LESCOT over the last 10 years, in view to studying and modelling the mental representations of car drivers. Theoretically, this research is in line with two complementary scientific traditions: Human Information Processing theories on the one hand, and theories of Operative Activity on the other. As discussed in Section 1 of the article, attention is given to the functional representations of drivers, constructed “by” and “for” the action, such as they are implemented in a driving situation, and taking into account both implicit and explicit dimensions. This aim directly impacts on the methodological approach implemented, in so far as it entails defining an “experimental continuum” ranging from naturalistic observations of the driving activity (on the open road), to setting up more controlled experimental protocols in order to permit in-depth, systematic and reproducible scientific investigations of drivers’ cognition. Section 2 of the article presents a synthetic view of these methods, while Section 3 presents several significant results obtained with them. Lastly, the final part of the article focuses on the computational formalism defined at INRETS-LESCOT (i.e. the driving schemas) designed to model driver knowledge and mental representations, and developed in a COgnitive Simulation MOdel of the DRIVEr called COSMODRIVE.     

宁波市公众环境意识调查与分析

公众环境意识是一个国家和民族文明程度的重要标志,它从各个方面反映出所调查地区的环境现状、公众对环境问题的认知、环保素质和环保行为,能够为政府的宏观决策提供依据。文章在数据分析的基础上,阐述了宁波市公众在地区环境问题、公民环境责任、环保支付意愿、绿色消费和固体废物收集处理等方面的调查结果,并给出了结论和建议。     

作业安全管理中人员行为规范化方法研究

基于人因问题在事故控制中的重要性,为规范人员行为,提出将安全生产标准化中逐条评分的思想融入作业安全管理中,以规范员工个人行为。并将员工不安全行为按照诱因的不同,划分为功能性失误、心理性失误、知识性错误、条件限制性错误、主观意识性违章等5种类型。针对不同诱因提出相应的纠正措施。对比这些措施实施前后员工作业行为符合标准规范的比例,研究运行过程对员工行为的影响。结果表明:该方法的实施减少了试验岗位员工的不安全行为,员工行为规范化程度得到提高。     

Characteristics of pilots who report deliberate versus inadvertent visual flight into Instrument Meteorological Conditions

Aircraft accidents and incidents associated with visual flight into instrument weather conditions continue to account for a significant proportion of fatalities involving general aviation aircraft. The aim of this study was to examine pilot recounts of flights involving inadvertent or deliberate flight into Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). Of the 251 responses that were examined, 145 pilots indicated that they had entered IMC inadvertently during a visual flight, while 93 had done so deliberately. Amongst non-instrument-rated pilots, two cohorts were identified whereby pilots who deliberately entered instrument conditions tended to have experienced the conditions previously, possess a comparatively greater tolerance of risk, experienced less anxiety during the event recounted, and perceive the risks associated with the transition into instrument conditions as relatively lower than those pilots whose entry into instrument conditions was inadvertent. These results are interpreted as confirmation of the need to address the problem of visual flight into instrument conditions from a number of different perspectives, taking into account experience and individual differences in risk tolerance.