应用加载磁混凝处理微污染河水

实验对比考察了常规混凝和加载磁混凝工艺对微污染河水中COD、浊度和TP等污染物的去除效果,系统研究了混凝剂用量、磁种加载量、搅拌条件和药剂投加顺序等因素对加载磁混凝效果的影响。实验结果表明,加载磁种后沉淀颗粒的体积平均粒径为从常规混凝工艺的50.1 μm显著增加到68.6 μm;污染物去除效果明显优于常规混凝工艺,尤其对浊度和总磷的去除效果得到了显著的提升;在实验最优条件下COD、浊度和TP的去除率分别达到54.17%、99.28%和75.82%;并且加载磁种后可减少50%以上的混凝剂投加量,同时大大缩短沉淀时间。     

原生动物生物指数的进一步验证及其适用性分析

利用意大利河流TorrenteStirone和Parma的原生动物数据及水质化学数据 ,对作者所建立的原生动物生物指数的适用性进行了验证 ,结果表明 ,所得CPV与化学综合污染指数有显著的相关 ,说明建立的生物指数有广泛的适用性。文中对SPV的使用方法、适用范围、应注意的问题进行了分析和讨论。     

延河沉积物的石油污染调查与分析

对延河干流和两条支流受石油污染河段的沉积物的取样分析结果表明 ,研究河段内的沉积物都不同程度的受到了石油污染。干流河段沉积物的石油污染负荷一般为 40～ 80mg/kg ,上游河段和污染支流汇入段负荷较高 ,平均为390mg/kg,最高可达 784mg/kg ;支流上的坪桥川和杏子河河段沉积物污染负荷为 6 0～ 2 5 0mg/kg。干流中下游及杏子河支流河段的污染沉积物主要来源于雨期流域表层污染土壤径流入河后的沿程沉积 ,而非雨期岸边油井的直接排污则是造成干流上游和坪桥川支流沉积物石油污染的主要原因     

金矿废水中氰化物的自然降解及其环境影响

某金矿废水氰化物在尾矿坝、环保坝及河流中的自然降解规律可以用负指数方程描述 .废水进入河流 A、河流 C后浓度降低的主导因素是河水的稀释作用 .通过计算研究 ,该金矿废水氰化物基本不对国际河流 F造成影响 .控制该金矿废水对 A、C2河污染的有效途径是增加循环用水量、降低环保坝水位以便减少废水渗水量 .     

汉江下游突发“水华”的调查研究

对１９９２年春汉江下游水体暴发“水华”进行了调查研究，对“水华”的特征，产生的原因以及对策，建议等进行了分析、探讨。结果表明，其直接原因是以小环藻为主的硅藻的急剧增殖造成的。     

快速城镇化进程中城市河流污染治理问题研究

城市河流是城市的生命线,对于当地经济发展和居民身心健康均有不可替代的重要作用。通过分析我国城市河流污染的总体现状发现,我国城市河流治污面临着城市化进程、区域利益分化、职能部门能力缺失等困境,以此为前提,分别从树立正确的城市河流治污观念、设立流域综合管理机构、预防为主和防控结合、建立科学合理的城市河流生态系统修复模式几方面提出完善对策。     

Uncertainty Models for Estimates of Physical Characteristics of River Segments Over Large Areas

Spatially comprehensive estimates of the physical characteristics of river segments over large areas are required in many large‐scale analyses of river systems and for the management of multiple basins. Remote sensing and modeling are often used to estimate river characteristics over large areas, but the uncertainties associated with these estimates and their dependence on the physical characteristics of the segments and their catchments are seldom quantified. Using test data with varying degrees of independence, we derived analytical models of the uncertainty associated with estimates of upstream catchment area (CA), segment slope, and mean annual discharge for all river segments of a digital representation of the hydrographic network of France. Although there were strong relationships between our test data and estimates at the scale of France, there were also large relative local uncertainties, which varied with the physical characteristics of the segments and their catchments. Discharge and CA were relatively uncertain where discharge was low and catchments were small. Discharge uncertainty also increased in catchments with large rainfall events and low minimum temperature. The uncertainty of segment slope was strongly related to segment length. Our uncertainty models were consistent across large regions of France, suggesting some degree of generality. Their analytical formulation should facilitate their use in large‐scale ecological studies and simulation models.     

Water Appropriation Systems for Adapting to Water Shortages in Iraq

Climate variability and population growth have intensified the search internationally for measures to adapt to fluctuations in water supplies. An example can be found in the lower part of the transboundary Tigris‐Euphrates Basin where water shortages in 2008‐2009 resulted in high economic costs to irrigation farmers. Losses to irrigators in the lower basin have made a compelling case to identify flexible methods to adapt to water shortage. Few published studies have systematically examined ways to enhance the flexibility of water appropriation systems to adapt to water shortage. This article addresses an ongoing challenge in water governance by examining how profitability at both the farm and basin levels is affected by various water appropriation systems. Four water appropriation systems are compared for impacts on farm income under each of three water supply scenarios. Results show that a (1) proportional sharing of water shortages among provinces and (2) unrestricted water trading rank as the top two appropriation systems. The shadow price of water for irrigation rises from zero at a full water supply level to US$93/1,000 m³ when supply falls to 20% of full levels. Similar methods could be used to analyze challenges facing the design or implementation of water appropriation systems in the world's irrigated regions.     

Measuring bed shear stress along vegetated river beds using FST-hemispheres

The measurement of the bed shear stress along vegetated river beds is essential for accurately predicting the water level, velocity and solute and sediment transport fluxes in computational hydroenvironmental models. Details are given herein of an experimental and theoretical study to determine the bed boundary shear stress along vegetated river beds introducing a novel field measuring method, namely the FliessWasserStammtisch (FST)-hemispheres. Although investigations have been conducted previously for sedimentary channels using the FST-hemispheres, this preliminary study is thought to be the first time that such hemispheres have been used to investigate the bed shear stresses in vegetated channels. FST-hemispheres were first developed by Statzner and Müller [1989. Standard hemispheres as indicators of flow characteristics in lotic benthos research. Freshwater Biology 21, 445-459] to act as an integrated indicator of the gross hydrodynamic stresses present near the bed. Test and validation data were found to be at least of the same order of magnitude for the stresses predicted from literature for sedimentary channels, with this study establishing the commencement of a database of calibrated FST-hemisphere laboratory data for vegetated channel beds. In a series of experiments, depths ranging from 0.1 to 0.28m were considered, equating directly to comparable conditions in small rivers or streams. The results of this study provide a basis for enabling the FST-hemispheres to be used to evaluate the boundary shear stress for a wider range of applications in the future, including vegetated river beds.     

Thinking inside the basin: scale in transboundary water management

While transboundary waters are widely advocated to be best managed at the basin level, practical experience in transboundary waters at the basin vis‐à‐vis other scales has not been systematically examined. To understand past experiences in transboundary water management at alternate scales, this paper: (i) determines the relative abundance of water treaties at different scales and (ii) elucidates how transboundary water law varies according to the scale to which it applies. The paper developed a scale typology with six groups, and systematically applied it to stratify transboundary water treaties. Treaty contents were then compared across scales according to the following set of parameters: primary issue area, temporal development, and important water management attributes. Results of this work reveal: (i) treaties tend to focus on hydropower and flood control at smaller scales, and organizations and policies at larger scales; (ii) a temporal trend toward treaties concluded at larger scales; and (iii) a higher proportion of treaties is at larger scales in Africa and Asia than in Europe and the Americas. These findings suggest that smaller scale cooperation may constitute a more constructive scale in which to achieve development‐oriented cooperation. Further, scope may exist to complement basin scale cooperation with cooperation at smaller scales, in order to optimize transboundary water management. In the context of basin‐wide management frameworks, Africa and Asia may benefit from greater emphasis on small‐scale transboundary water cooperation.