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891.
Yan Jiang Jane R. Frankenberger Yinghui Sui Laura C. Bowling 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(6):1501-1514
Subsurface tile‐drained agricultural fields are known to be important contributors to nitrate in surface water in the Midwest, but the effect of these fields on nitrate at the watershed scale is difficult to quantify. Data for 25 watersheds monitored by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management and located near a U.S. Geological Survey stream gage were used to investigate the relationship between flow‐weighted mean concentration (FWMC) of nitrate‐N and the subsurface tile‐drained area (DA) of the watershed. The tile DA was estimated from soil drainage class, land use, and slope. Nitrate loads from point sources were estimated based on reported flows of major permitted facilities with mean nitrate‐N concentrations from published sources. Linear regression models exhibited a statistically significant relationship between annual/monthly nonpoint source (NPS) nitrate‐N and DA percentage. The annual model explained 71% of the variation in FWMC of nitrate‐N. The annual and monthly models were tested in 10 additional watersheds, most with absolute errors within 1 mg/l in the predicted FWMC. These models can be used to estimate NPS nitrate for unmonitored watersheds in similar areas, especially for drained agricultural areas where model performance was strongest, and to predict the nitrate reduction when various tile drainage management techniques are employed. 相似文献
892.
本研究采用美国农业部农业研究所开发的SWAT模型(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)对茫溪河流域非点源污染进行了模拟研究,构建了适用于茫溪河流域的非点源污染模型,对流域的非点源污染进行了模拟和分析。模拟结果显示:茫溪河流域污染特征以非点源污染为主;东茫溪河水系的泥沙、氮、磷等负荷均大于西茫溪河水系;单位泥沙负荷最大的区域为流域东北部、东部和东南部一带的深丘地区,是茫溪河流域的主要泥沙输出区;氮、磷负荷最大的区域为茫溪河中下游一带的平坝、浅丘地区,是茫溪河流域的主要氮、磷输出区;研究区内泥沙、营养物质的输出具有很强的时间规律,有机氮、有机磷的输出在雨季(6月~9月)会出现高峰,因此雨季是流域内非点源污染源输出的重点时段。 相似文献
893.
粮食增产趋势及增产原因是国家制定宏观农业政策和措施的依据。科技进步增产理论是指:气候是波动的,科技是持续进步的,它是粮食多年持续增产的主要驱动力;科技进步增产预测模型是多年平均单产移动的回归方程。全国和东北三省粮食增产潜力案例分析结果表明:科技进步单产加速时间最早的是辽宁省,最晚的是黑龙江省;与全国相比,吉林省和辽宁省科技进步贡献率高于全国平均水平,黑龙江省低于全国平均水平,吉林省最高。本文初步得出以下结论:科技进步增产理论科学、模型实用、预测结果准确。 相似文献
894.
Groundwater management can be effectively conducted by using groundwater contamination map assessment. In this study, a modified DRASTIC approach using geographic information system (GIS) was applied to evaluate groundwater vulnerability in Kerman plain (Iran). The Wilcoxon rank-sum nonparametric statistical test was applied to modify the rates of DRASTIC. In addition, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was employed to evaluate the validity of the criteria and sub criteria of all the parameters of the DRASTIC model, which proposed as an alternative treatment of the imprecision demands. The GIS offers spatial analysis in which the multi index evaluation can be effectively conducted through the AHP. The non-point source pollution was effectively determined by the modified DRASTIC method compared with the traditional method. The regression coefficient revealed the relationship between the vulnerability index and the nitrate concentration. The best result was obtained by using AHP–AHP, followed by DRASTIC–AHP, modified DRASTIC–AHP, and AHP–DRASTIC models. In this study, the DRASTIC method failed to provide satisfactory result. Additionally, by using both the original DRASTIC and the modified DRASTIC methods in the study area, AHP–AHP performed highly in the Kerman plain, suggesting that the southern and south east parts of the area considerably calls for conservation against contamination. 相似文献
895.
网络的发展从仅关注速度的提升转移到关注业务的交付能力,由此网络可靠性问题越来越受到研究者的重视。网络可靠性试验是评价网络可靠性的一种重要手段,而试验流量的生成对可靠性评价结果具有决定性的影响。然而目前从可靠性角度对网络进行试验时,对任务的描述较为简单,无法支撑由客户需求分解到网络流量生成的全过程;从流量模型角度出发的生成技术则仅关注全网流量,难以支持可靠性试验中的流量生成。本文提出基于业务的混合模型的流量描述方法,并使用软件实现,最后进行试验验证所提出方法的有效性。 相似文献
896.
飞机的雷击附着点是飞机防雷设计研究的基础,是飞机设计中的重要过程。本文以伊尔-76飞机模型为例,依据SAE-ARP5416和国内相关标准规定的雷击附着点试验方法,采用基于传输线矩阵法的数值仿真技术对飞机的雷击附着特性展开研究,分析了机载雷达天线对飞机雷击附着点的影响,为机载雷达天线的雷电防护设计提供了理论基础。 相似文献
897.
898.
899.
构建旅游环境承载力评价体系,运用耦合度指数和结构方程模型揭示山东半岛蓝色经济区旅游环境承载系统的耦合演化规律和动态关联特征.研究表明,半岛蓝色经济区7市各子系统的承载指数均呈增长态势,各承载子系统之间存在耦合作用,协调发展水平均稳步上升,生态承载子系统对经济承载子系统产生正影响,社会承载子系统可通过生态承载子系统对经济承载子系统产生正向影响力. 相似文献
900.
《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,35(3):290-308
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is an appealing strategy for mitigating the environmental effects of greenhouse gases while simultaneously producing valuable carbon-neutral fuels. Numerous attempts have been made to produce effective and efficient photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. In contrast, the selection of competitive catalysts continues to be a substantial hindrance and a considerable difficulty in the development of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. It is vital to emphasize different techniques for building effective photocatalysts to improve CO2 reduction performance in order to achieve a long-term sustainability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are recently emerging as a new type of photocatalysts for CO2 reduction due to their excellent CO2 adsorption capability and unique structural characteristics. This review examines the most recent breakthroughs in various techniques for modifying MOFs in order to improve their efficiency of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The advantages of MOFs using as photocatalysts are summarized, followed by different methods for enhancing their effectiveness for photocatalytic CO2 reduction via partial ion exchange of metal clusters, design of bimetal clusters, the modification of organic linkers, and the embedding of metal complexes. For integrating MOFs with semiconductors, metallic nanoparticles (NPs), and other materials, a number of different approaches have been also reviewed. The final section of this review discusses the existing challenges and future prospects of MOFs as photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Hopefully, this review can stimulate intensive research on the rational design and development of more effective MOF-based photocatalysts for visible-light driven CO2 conversion. 相似文献