Specific Features of the Formation of Animal Species Communities in Technogenic and Urbanized Landscapes

The formation of the species composition and specific functional, physiological, and phenotypic features of populations in technogenic and urbanized areas was studied by analyzing murine rodents, amphibians, and soil invertebrates. It is shown that, against the background of decreasing total abundance and biomass of animals, their formerly continuous ranges become mosaic, with the locally increasing animal density and heterogeneity and specific population dynamics. Species diversity decreases; however, species alien to the natural ecosystems of the given territory appear. Changes in the strategies of reproduction and food resource use were revealed in the species communities of small mammals and amphibians.     

降雨径流时农田沟渠水体中氮、磷迁移转化规律研究

为有效阻控降雨条件下农田土壤流失氮、磷通过沟渠进入水体,通过对降雨时农田排水沟渠系统中总氮、总磷的测定和分析,研究降雨径流下沟渠系统水体中氮、磷的迁移转化规律和时空分布.结果表明,农田排水沟渠系统本身不太稳定,在外界条件(降雨)的作用下可以引起一系列的变化,同时农田排水沟渠系统又具有抗冲击可修复能力,可以使氮、磷的各项转化作用恢复.该特征使得总氮、总磷在沿程迁移过程中表现出一定的变化规律:总氮浓度沿程呈3次多项式曲线变化,总磷浓度整体呈指数递减变化;同时各断面的总氮、总磷自身转化也有其降解规律,总氮和总磷浓度随时间均呈3次多项式曲线变化.     

活性污泥缺氧转化1-2-7-三氨基-8-羟基-3-6-萘二磺酸简

1-2-7-三氨基-8-羟基-3-6-萘二磺酸（TAHNDS）作为偶氮染料的脱色产物很难被常规的厌氧-好氧染料废水处理工艺所去除。研究了未经驯化的活性污泥对TAHNDS的缺氧转化效果。结果表明,只有在特定的缺氧条件下（ORP在-50~-150 mV之间）,TAHNDS才能被活性污泥所降解转化。当浓度在10~80 mg/L范围内,TAHNDS可在72 h内转化93%以上。加入100 mg/L的硝酸盐和0.64 mmol/L的氧化还原介体蒽醌-2-磺酸钠（AQS）可将40 mg/L的TAHNDS的转化时间从84 h缩短到36 h。光谱及HPLC-MS分析表明,TAHNDS在缺氧条件下主要是通过脱氨基和脱磺酸作用生成已知可好氧生物降解的3,5-二氨基-4-羟基萘-2-磺酸。因此,缺氧处理有望作为预处理工艺促进废水中TAHNDS的完全降解。     

有机磷通过弱透水层的迁移转化规律研究

在地下水超量开采区,上层劣质潜水可以越过弱透水层补给承压水.有机磷能否随水迁移进入深层地下水构成水质污染是极为关注的问题.采用施压条件下将一定浓度的有机磷溶液渗透通过粘性土柱的模拟实验,对有机磷在饱和粘性土层中降解转化的各种因子及其影响机制进行分析,探讨有机磷在弱透水层环境中的降解转化和迁移的规律.结果表明:(1)粘性...     

A comparison of numerical solutions of partial differential equations with probabilistic and possibilistic parameters for the quantification of uncertainty in subsurface solute transport

Traditionally, uncertainty in parameters are represented as probabilistic distributions and incorporated into groundwater flow and contaminant transport models. With the advent of newer uncertainty theories, it is now understood that stochastic methods cannot properly represent non random uncertainties. In the groundwater flow and contaminant transport equations, uncertainty in some parameters may be random, whereas those of others may be non random. The objective of this paper is to develop a fuzzy-stochastic partial differential equation (FSPDE) model to simulate conditions where both random and non random uncertainties are involved in groundwater flow and solute transport. Three potential solution techniques namely, (a) transforming a probability distribution to a possibility distribution (Method I) then a FSPDE becomes a fuzzy partial differential equation (FPDE), (b) transforming a possibility distribution to a probability distribution (Method II) and then a FSPDE becomes a stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE), and (c) the combination of Monte Carlo methods and FPDE solution techniques (Method III) are proposed and compared. The effects of these three methods on the predictive results are investigated by using two case studies. The results show that the predictions obtained from Method II is a specific case of that got from Method I. When an exact probabilistic result is needed, Method II is suggested. As the loss or gain of information during a probability–possibility (or vice versa) transformation cannot be quantified, their influences on the predictive results is not known. Thus, Method III should probably be preferred for risk assessments.     

印染废水中氮硫形态转化和去除效率

针对含较高氮、硫的印染废水,采用UASB水解酸化反应池+A、B两段低氧曝气式污泥自回流池+C段接触氧化池+混凝沉淀工艺进行处理,对各生化反应池中氮、硫的形态转化过程进行了分析。结果表明,该工艺对印染废水中COD、色度、TN、NH4+-N、S2-的去除率分别达到90.7%、87.3%、85.6%、76.3%、100%。     

絮凝耦合过硫酸钠氧化处理实际含糖废水

含高浓度污染物和色度实际含糖废水的高效处理一直是水处理领域的难点。针对单一絮凝沉淀和过硫酸钠氧化体系的技术局限性,首次构建了絮凝耦合过硫酸钠氧化体系,同步实现了对废水中COD和色度的高效去除,并深入探究了污染物的转化机理。结果表明：在最佳实验条件下,絮凝耦合过硫酸钠氧化体系对实际含糖废水中COD的去除率高达 95.74%,色度去除率高达96%。紫外全波长扫描和GC-MS分析结果表明,絮凝沉淀过程优先去除不含发光基团的大分子聚合物、长链烷烃等有机污染物,含发光基团的大分子有机污染物部分被去除;在后续过硫酸钠氧化过程中,实际废水中含发光基团的大分子有机污染物几乎被彻底去除,小分子有机污染物得到高效去除。本研究可为复杂的实际含糖废水的达标排放提供参考。     

垃圾渗滤液中污染物在包气带运移模拟实验及预测

为揭示垃圾渗滤液中污染物在包气带中的迁移转化规律,通过静态吸附、静态降解、动态土柱和数学模型预测等方法进行模拟实验。结果表明,包气带对污染物的吸附过程是线性的,即S=KdC,吸附系数Kd=0.0976;降解曲线符合一级动力学方程,即C=C0e-λt,降解系数λ=0.0324d-1;弥散过程符合对流-弥散迁移转化模型,弥散系数D=0.00435m2·d-1,由此确定了污染物迁移数学模型。通过动态土柱实验验证了模型的可靠性,并利用模型对垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物(COD)的时空分布进行预测。     

环境中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的代谢转化研究现状

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)作为一种溴系阻燃剂(BFRs),在多种环境介质和生物体内广泛存在且浓度逐年增加,因而越来越多地受到研究者关注.综合PBDEs各方面研究报道,认为其在环境中存在生物和非生物两种转化方式.非生物转化主要是光降解,即PBDEs在光照条件下可通过自由基反应脱溴生成低溴同系物及多溴联苯呋喃(PBDFs).生物转化则包括微生物转化、生物体内转化和生物体外代谢,其转化代谢途径除脱溴外,还有醚键断裂、羟基化和羟基化/脱溴等.对PBDEs在环境中不同转化方式的转化速率、转化途径和转化产物等的研究现状进行综述,对今后PBDEs在环境中归趋、生态风险和健康评价研究将起到一定的指导作用.     

城市高压输变电工程电磁辐射污染危害及防治措施探讨

以乌鲁木齐市区高压输变电工程为研究对象,重点论述了城市高压输变电工程电磁辐射产生的机理、特征及危害,并通过实地监测,说明了城市高压输变电工程电磁辐射水平现状及发展趋势,以国家电磁辐射环境保护法律法规及技术标准为准则,从多方面提出了城市高压输变电工程电磁辐射的污染防治措施。