夏季太湖水体固有光学参数对光传输行程、积分平均余弦影响的研究

基于2006-07-29～2006-08-01于太湖采集的水体固有光学参数和部分水质参数,利用辐射传输的理论,研究了夏季散射对太湖水体中光传输行程的作用、散射和吸收对光场积分平均余弦的影响,并分析了其可能机制.结果表明,垂直入射的辐射沿入射方向的平均传输行程和积分平均余弦呈现从西北向东南递增的趋势;垂直入射的辐射沿入射方向的平均传输行程、水柱的积分平均余弦与叶绿素a、悬浮物浓度、有机悬浮物浓度及无机悬浮物浓度均呈非线性相关,其关系可用对数函数来描述.本研究对水体中光合有效辐射的环境效应、及建立生物-光学模型有着重要意义.     

不同类型沉积物磷形态转化及其对狐尾藻生长的影响

在室内模拟条件下利用不同类型沉积物培养穗状狐尾藻,分析了沉积物与上覆水各形态磷的变化,以及狐尾藻生物量和根系形态的差异,揭示不同沉积物中各形态磷的转化特性及其对沉水植物生长的影响.结果表明,在研究条件下,外加细沙改变了沉积物的颗粒度,促进沉积物中磷的释放,增加了上覆水磷浓度;外加氮源,改变沉积物的化学性状,抑制沉积物中磷的释放,降低了上覆水中磷的浓度;添加细沙使狐尾藻植株及根系干重增加了49%和107%,根长增加了19%;而外加氮源对植株根系生长产生了抑制作用,使狐尾藻早衰;狐尾藻生长促进了沉积物中磷的释放,其衰退增加了沉积物中磷的沉积,各形态磷随着狐尾藻的生长呈先降后升趋势,其中以Fe/Al-P变化量最大(41%～57%);根系长度是影响狐尾藻对沉积物中磷吸收和释放的主要形态指标,根直径主要通过影响沉积物的通透性间接促进沉积物中磷的释放.     

On the Process of Peasant Workers’ Transformation to Urban Residents

The unique two-stage ＂Chinese path＂ of China＇s rural-urban migration, which cannot be fully explained by classical theories of economic development, makes us to give peasant workers＇ transformation to urban residents a top priority. On the basis of fully explaining peasant workers＇ transformation to urban residents, a method for measuring its process has been advanced and then confirmed with the data of March in 2005 from surveys to peasant workers in Wuhan. Finally, the suggestions of accelerating peasant workers＇ transformation to urban residents to promote the construction of a harmonious society have been drawn from the analysis.     

Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables

Structural equation modeling is an advanced multivariate statistical process with which a researcher can construct theoretical concepts, test their measurement reliability, hypothesize and test a theory about their relationships, take into account measurement errors, and consider both direct and indirect effects of variables on one another. Latent variables are theoretical concepts that unite phenomena under a single term, e.g., ecosystem health, environmental condition, and pollution (Bollen, 1989). Latent variables are not measured directly but can be expressed in terms of one or more directly measurable variables called indicators. For some researchers, defining, constructing, and examining the validity of latent variables may be the end task of itself. For others, testing hypothesized relationships of latent variables may be of interest. We analyzed the correlation matrix of eleven environmental variables from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) using methods of structural equation modeling. We hypothesized and tested a conceptual model to characterize the interdependencies between four latent variables-sediment contamination, natural variability, biodiversity, and growth potential. In particular, we were interested in measuring the direct, indirect, and total effects of sediment contamination and natural variability on biodiversity and growth potential. The model fit the data well and accounted for 81% of the variability in biodiversity and 69% of the variability in growth potential. It revealed a positive total effect of natural variability on growth potential that otherwise would have been judged negative had we not considered indirect effects. That is, natural variability had a negative direct effect on growth potential of magnitude –0.3251 and a positive indirect effect mediated through biodiversity of magnitude 0.4509, yielding a net positive total effect of 0.1258. Natural variability had a positive direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.5347 and a negative indirect effect mediated through growth potential of magnitude –0.1105 yielding a positive total effects of magnitude 0.4242. Sediment contamination had a negative direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude –0.1956 and a negative indirect effect on growth potential via biodiversity of magnitude –0.067. Biodiversity had a positive effect on growth potential of magnitude 0.8432, and growth potential had a positive effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.3398. The correlation between biodiversity and growth potential was estimated at 0.7658 and that between sediment contamination and natural variability at –0.3769.     

The Phytoecological Map as a Means for Evaluating the State and Anthropogenic Transformation of Vegetation

The methodological principles of making a phytoecological map reflecting the degree of anthropogenic transformation of the plant cover are described.     

A comparison of numerical solutions of partial differential equations with probabilistic and possibilistic parameters for the quantification of uncertainty in subsurface solute transport

Traditionally, uncertainty in parameters are represented as probabilistic distributions and incorporated into groundwater flow and contaminant transport models. With the advent of newer uncertainty theories, it is now understood that stochastic methods cannot properly represent non random uncertainties. In the groundwater flow and contaminant transport equations, uncertainty in some parameters may be random, whereas those of others may be non random. The objective of this paper is to develop a fuzzy-stochastic partial differential equation (FSPDE) model to simulate conditions where both random and non random uncertainties are involved in groundwater flow and solute transport. Three potential solution techniques namely, (a) transforming a probability distribution to a possibility distribution (Method I) then a FSPDE becomes a fuzzy partial differential equation (FPDE), (b) transforming a possibility distribution to a probability distribution (Method II) and then a FSPDE becomes a stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE), and (c) the combination of Monte Carlo methods and FPDE solution techniques (Method III) are proposed and compared. The effects of these three methods on the predictive results are investigated by using two case studies. The results show that the predictions obtained from Method II is a specific case of that got from Method I. When an exact probabilistic result is needed, Method II is suggested. As the loss or gain of information during a probability–possibility (or vice versa) transformation cannot be quantified, their influences on the predictive results is not known. Thus, Method III should probably be preferred for risk assessments.     

燃煤痕量元素转化、排放及控制的研究进展

综述了煤燃烧过程中痕量元素转化、排放规律及实用的控制技术,重点介绍了当前最受关注的汞排放控制技术,并反映了量子化学在燃煤痕量元素研究中的最新应用。分析了燃煤痕量元素研究存在问题及发展方向。     

饮用水质安全保障的研究与技术发展趋势:Ⅰ.污染风险源及控制目标

水源污染与水质标准提高之间的矛盾、传统污染物与新型污染物并存的客观现实、突发性污染事件频发的状况,为当今构建适应我国国情的饮用水质安全保障技术体系提出了更高的要求。另一方面,污染物在水的循环系统中发生复杂的循环累积与转移转化过程,在处理与输配过程中发生复杂的形态结构转化过程,各种污染物及其中间产物在复杂介质界面体系下的复合毒性效应,对饮用水质安全风险综合控制提出了严峻的挑战。我国应围绕水质污染控制、水质达标、水质健康风险控制等综合目标开展战略性、基础性与创新性研究,为我国饮用水质安全保障与风险控制构建高效、经济、可行的支撑技术系统。     

火电厂烟气汞形态转化机理及控制方法

汞是煤中最易挥发的重金属元素之一,燃烧产物中汞的排放为火电厂锅炉汞污染的主流。烟气中的汞主要采用活性炭或者其他吸附剂、飞灰再循环、湿法烟气脱硫装置等手段来去除,但普遍存在吸附剂价格昂贵、经济效应不高,具体脱除效应不明显、仅适用中小型火电厂锅炉等实际问题。为配合脱汞市场,需要在完善测试手段和控制手段的基础上,着重解决多组分污染物联合脱除汞反应的竞争机制和活性/选择性调控规律、吸收剂固体表面物理化学、大容积/大流量反应器内超低浓度污染物的富集/反应机理等关键技术问题。在火电厂烟气零价汞形态转化机理、汞迁移转化动力学模型的研究以及高效价廉吸附剂的开发等方面取得突破,开发具有自主知识产权的新型燃煤电厂烟气中汞排放控制方法。     

资源型区域技术创新与产业转型的耦合机理

长期来看,资源型区域在发展过程中都存在着资源耗竭问题。以资源型产业为主导的区域产业结构需要通过发展新兴产业以实现区域内的产业转型,促进区域经济的可持续发展。产业转型与技术创新之间存在着正向的相互作用,两者之间的耦合机理在于技术创新促进新产业的发展,新产业的发展又会进一步促进技术创新的进步。