General analysis of forest vegetation in the south of the Far East with regard to the feeding of wild ruminants (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia)

Vegetation in the main types of forest landscapes in the south of the Far East has been analyzed with regard to the dependence of population density and spatial distribution of five wild ruminant species on the main parameters of phytomass. The results have shown that the majority of ruminant species at their current population density never suffer from insufficient food supply. A high population density of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) is the only factor that may cause degradation of vegetation in the study region. The present-day population density of ruminants in their habitats does not depend on the amount of phytomass and species diversity of forage plants. Conversely, there is a strong relationship between the highest population density of ruminants recorded during the past 50 years and the phytomass stock of forage plants in their habitats.     

抗除草剂转基因作物基因流及其安全性评估方法的探讨

针对目前抗除草剂转基因作物基因流及其安全性评估方法存在的问题,提出了以亲和性为依据的抗性基因流的评估方法;同时以时间关系序列、空间关系序列和种群数量关系序列为原则,探讨了近缘种选择的标准。     

A Global Outlook to the Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the World and Emission Factors of the Thermal Power Plants in Turkey

World primary energy demand increases with increases in population and economic development. Within the last 25 yr, the total energy consumption has almost doubled. For the purpose of meeting this demand, fossil energy sources are used and various pollutants are generated. CO₂ is also one of these gases, which cannot be removed like other pollutants, and it causes greenhouse effect and climate change. Reducing the CO₂ emission is very important because of the environmental concerns and regulations, especially the Kyoto Protocol. This paper reviews the estimated world carbon emissions, Turkey's situation in electrical energy production, emission amounts estimated until the year 2020 and emission factors for dust, SO₂, NO_x and CO₂. The estimated results show that CO₂ emissions from thermal power plants in Turkey will make about 0.66 % of the global CO₂ emissions in 2020.     

Heavy metals in soils and crops in Southeast Asia

In a reconnaissance soil geochemical and plant survey undertaken to study the heavy metal uptake by major food crops in Malaysia, 241 soils were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (C), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and available phosphorus (P) using appropriate procedures. These soils were also analysed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia digestion, together with 180 plant samples using nitric acid digestion. Regression analysis between the edible plant part and aqua regia soluble soil As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations sampled throughout Peninsular Malaysia, indicated a positive relationship for Pb in all the plants sampled in the survey (R ² = 0.195, p < 0.001), for Ni in corn (R ² = 0.649, p < 0.005), for Cu in chilli (R ² = 0.344, p < 0.010) and for Zn in chilli (R ² = 0.501, p < 0.001). Principal component analysis of the soil data suggested that concentrations of Co, Ni, Pb and Zn were strongly correlated with concentrations of Al and Fe, which is suggestive of evidence of background variations due to changes in soil mineralogy. Thus the evidence for widespread contamination of soils by these elements through agricultural activities is not strong. Chromium was correlated with soil pH and EC, Na, S, and Ca while Hg was not correlated with any of these components, suggesting diffuse pollution by aerial deposition. However As, Cd, Cu were strongly associated with organic matter and available and aqua regia soluble soil P, which we attribute to inputs in agricultural fertilisers and soil organic amendments (e.g. manures, composts).     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

国产八角药用植物资源

根据14个国家94个标本馆所收藏的近万份八角科标本的分类学研究,本文确认中国现有八角科植物24种,分布于黄河流域以南的19个省区,其中15种有药用功能,它们于18个省区的467个县。本文给出了国产八角科植物分种检索表,记录了各个药用种类的分布和各自的主要医药用途,还就资源开发利用、综合药用功能、中毒解毒等方面作了讨论或报道。     

Eight nonnative plants in western Oregon forests: Associations with environment and management

Nonnative plants have tremendous ecological and economic impacts on plant communities globally, but comprehensive data on the distribution and ecological relationships of individual species is often scarce or nonexistent. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of vegetation type, climate, topography, and management history on the distribution and abundance of eight selected nonnative plant taxa in forests in western Oregon. These eight taxa were selected as being reliably detected by a multi-resource inventory of 1127 systematically-placed plots on nonfederal forest lands from 1995 to 1997 by the USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. One or more of the eight nonnative taxa studied were found on 20% of the sampled subplots in the study area, but relatively few stands were dominated by them. Overall abundance of nonnative taxa was likely much greater, because few composites and graminoids were identified to species in this general-purpose inventory. Distribution of most taxa was more closely associated with low density of overstory trees than with climate. Nonnative taxa were significantly more abundant in stands that had been recently clearcut or thinned than in stands that had not. Frequencies of several taxa decreased with elevation, which may reflect proximity to source populations and intensive land use rather than any climatic constraints. Although the greatest potential for displacement of native forest species appears to be in early-successional communities, the potential for spread of some shade-tolerant evergreen shrubs also seems high.     

5种湿地沉水植物对模拟污水厂尾水的深度处理

选取四季常青苦草、普通苦草、黑藻、狐尾藻和马来眼子菜等5种沉水植物构建表面流人工湿地系统,观察不同沉水植物品种对模拟污水厂尾水中主要污染物的去除效果,筛选出具有最佳去污效果的沉水植物,为优化沉水植物表面流人工湿地系统的处理效果提供理论依据。结果表明：沉水植物表面流湿地系统和无植物表面流湿地系统对各污染物的去除效果均呈现出随着实验时间的延长先波动变化后逐渐趋于稳定的规律。四季常青苦草、黑藻和狐尾藻湿地系统出水COD、TP浓度均低于10 mg·L-1、0.1 mg·L-1,分别达到了《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）Ⅰ和Ⅱ类水标准。除马来眼子菜外,其余4种沉水植物对主要污染物的净化效果存在较大差异,以四季常青苦草的综合净化效果最好,出水COD、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N和TN的平均浓度分别为36.83、0.269、1.17、0.563和3.31 mg·L-1,平均去除率分别达到41.32%、72.77%、84.29%、79.28%和76.72%。黑藻次之,接着是狐尾藻,而普通苦草的去污效果较差。综合考虑其对模拟城市污水处理厂尾水的深度处理效率,宜选择四季常青苦草作为表面流人工湿地的优选沉水植物。     

退塘还湿生态修复效果评估——以天津七里海湿地为例

为筛选“退塘还湿”生态修复策略与技术方法,在天津七里海湿地选择腾退渔塘,开展了辅以先锋物种种植的人工强化恢复与自然保育恢复的“退塘还湿”生态修复对比实验。结果表明：恢复实验期间,人工强化恢复区与自然保育区共计调查到植物物种81种,其中自然保育区植物物种48种,强化恢复区植物物种77种;强化恢复区浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物的生物量分别为4.53~80.45、6.75~109.90、4.22~26.20 mg∙L⁻¹,其Shannon-Weiner指数也较为稳定,分别维持在2.58~3.13、1.55~1.82、0.29~0.58;实验期间,强化恢复区与自然保育区的湿生植物、挺水植物、浮游动植物及底栖动物的Shannon-Weiner指数和Pielou均匀度指数以及土壤微生物alpha多样性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。基于以上结果,对于塘堤原本就有芦苇等高等植物生长且距离天然湿地较近的鱼塘“退渔还湿”,建议采取自然保育的恢复方式。本研究结果可为华北地区腾退渔塘湿地修复提供参考。     

燃煤电厂多环芳烃的生成与控制

多环芳烃 (PAHs)对人体健康的危害极大。本文综述了燃煤电厂煤燃烧过程中多环芳烃的生成机理 (直接释放、热解合成和高温缩合机理 )和影响因素 (煤种、温度、锅炉负荷、过剩空气系数、停留时间、钙硫比和一次风 /二次风比 ) ,在此基础上介绍了煤燃烧过程中多环芳烃的各种控制技术和方法