中国城市碳排放强度的时空演变、动态跃迁及收敛趋势

合理控制城市碳排放强度对于中国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标愿景以及应对气候变化的意义重大.采用夜间灯光数据反演得到2001～2020年城市碳排放量,测算碳排放强度,并对城市碳排放强度的时空演变、动态跃迁及收敛趋势进行研究.结果表明：(1)中国城市碳排放强度持续下降,从2001年的2.79 t·万元-1降至2020年的0.88 t·万元-1,年均降幅5.94%.各大区域城市碳排放强度的差距存在收敛特征.空间分布上,城市碳排放强度的高值区集中在东北地区,以及内蒙古、宁夏和陕西等地,南北地区差异拉大,中南部与东部地区的碳排放强度降幅明显,高低集聚层次分明.(2)中国城市碳排放强度的global Moran’s I较高,均值为0.436,空间自相关性显著.碳排放强度以城市自身与邻域城市均未发生跃迁的类型为主,不同类型间时空跃迁的概率较低,凝聚度指数高达82.57%.跃迁类型的稳态较高,碳排放强度的时空演变存在空间锁定效应和“俱乐部趋同”现象.(3)城市碳排放强度的σ收敛不显著,但存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛.绝对β收敛速度差异明显,全国的收敛速度为3.137%.东部和西部地区的收敛速度略低,分别仅有3...     

小城镇基础设施防灾减灾决策支持系统的研究与开发

利用信息技术研究灾害问题成为研究热点之一 ,但在小城镇防灾减灾方面仍缺少应有的关注和重视。笔者将地理信息系统 (GIS)和决策支持系统 (DSS)集成应用于开发“基于GIS的小城镇基础设施防灾减灾决策支持系统” ,简要介绍了该系统研制目标和原则、系统结构框架及各子系统的功能 ,解决了系统实现过程中的一系列关键技术 :快速、高效构建小城镇基础空间数据库及三维可视化、应急预案及历史灾情库的电子化及各类灾害分析模拟的专业模型等。实践证明 ,基于基础设施、灾害源、防护保卫目标、应急救援力量的可视化与数字化 ,该系统能够实现对其进行科学管理、对各单一灾种的模拟分析以及应急决策支持 ,有效提高小城镇政府的应急指挥决策水平 ,增强其灾害应急反应能力。     

过渡金属离子改性MCM-41对乙烯吸附的影响

为了提高吸附剂对乙烯气体的吸附量,对常见的MCM-41分子筛进行了过渡金属离子改性研究。通过镍离子交换实验,确定了改性条件,改性后的样品对乙烯的吸附行为发生改变。使用镍离子改性后的MCM-41在常温常压下对乙烯的最大吸附量为可达416cm3／g,约为商用颗粒活性炭的6倍,远高于其他文献的报道。吸附质的检测结果说明乙烯在其吸附过程中发生多聚反应,高碳数的直链烯烃为最终产物。CO原位红外吸附的引人证实经过热处理后,一价镍能在镍离子改性后的MCM-41样品中形成并成为乙烯聚合反应的活性中心。     

Regional Economic Types and Development Strategy of Small Towns in Suburb Beijing

The purpose of this article is to classify the regional economic types and development dynamics of small towns in suburb Beijing by applying the classification methods developed by Nelson's method and Location Quotient method into 183 small towns in Beijing.Four types of small towns are thus identified,including urban agriculture dominated towns,manufacturing dominated towns,service industry dominated towns and comprehensive type towns with balanced economic development.Within the environment of geographical information system,the spatial distribution pattern of four types of small towns with their evolution trend is analyzed.The results indicate that four types of small towns have obvious 'core-periphery' spatial structure but with different functional orientations and evolution mechanisms.Based on this,the different development strategies for each type of small towns are summarized,providing a scientific reference for the differentiating planning and development strategies of these small towns.     

A hybrid model based on smooth transition periodic autoregressive and Elman artificial neural network for wind speed forecasting of the Hebei region in China

Wind energy, one of the most promising renewable and clean energy sources, is becoming increasingly significant for sustainable energy development and environmental protection. Given the relationship between wind power and wind speed, precise prediction of wind speed for wind energy estimation and wind power generation is important. For proper and efficient evaluation of wind speed, a smooth transition periodic autoregressive (STPAR) model is developed to predict the six-hourly wind speeds. In addition, the Elman artificial neural network (EANN)-based error correction technique has also been integrated into the new STPAR model to improve model performance. To verify the developed approach, the six-hourly wind speed series during the period of 2000–2009 in the Hebei region of China is used for model construction and model testing. The proposed EANN-STPAR hybrid model has demonstrated its powerful forecasting capacity for wind speed series with complicated characteristics of linearity, seasonality and nonlinearity, which indicates that the proposed hybrid model is notably efficient and practical for wind speed forecasting, especially for the Hebei wind farms of China.     

Biodegradable Polymers from 5-Hydroxylevulinic Acid: 1. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(5-hydroxylevulinic acid)

As an attempt to synthesize new biodegradable polymers from renewable cellulose resources, melt polycondensation of 5-hydroxylevulinic acid (5-HLA) was reported for the first time. The resulting product, poly(5-hydroxylevulinic acid) (PHLA), was synthesized and characterized with GPC, FTIR, ¹H NMR and DSC. The in vitro degradation behaviors in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in deionized water (DW) were also examined. The molecular weight of PHLA is not high (several 1,000s), but it possesses unordinary high glass transition temperature (as high as 120 °C). This is very different from existing aliphatic polyesters that usually have T _gs lower than 60 °C. The high T _g is attributed to the formation of inter- and/or intramolecular hydrogen bonds due to a characteristic keto–enol tautomerism equilibrium in the polymer structure. PHLA readily degraded hydrolytically in aqueous media.     

What makes institutional crafting successful? Applying the SES to case studies from India and the greater Mekong Region

Using two very different empirical settings, this paper emphasizes the required conditions for the successful crafting of sustainable institutions. In the first setting, different farmer groups in Cambodia and Vietnam try to establish a collective approach for small-scale community-based aquaculture and fail. In the second setting, the collective initiatives of urban women in India are analysed. The Indian women succeed in their objective of a fuel transition from firewood to gas cookers using a cooperative approach. Ostrom's variables identified in the “Multitier Framework for Analyzing Social–Ecological Systems (SES)” (Ostrom, 2007) are applied to local collective action initiatives in both settings to understand which factors make some of the groups succeed in their objectives and others fail. This research highlights the complexity as well as the uniqueness of different SESs. At the same time, the paper contributes to demonstrating the usability of the SES and certain variables to estimate the likelihood of success of self-organisation and crafting of rules. It highlights the relevance of certain conceptual variables for sustainable or unsustainable outcomes for different cases.     

村镇环境保护规划编制的初步研究

我国经济的迅速发展加速了城市化／城镇化的速度,由于缺乏合理的规划,导致环境问题日益突出。村镇是社会组织机体的基本单元,小城镇的迅速发展和政府对其环境保护的日益重视,使得一些污染性的工业有向村镇转移的趋势,而广大村镇脆弱的环境污染防治体系根本就没有能力来接纳和处理环境污染问题。     

烟台市中心镇选择的战略研究

中心镇是指大都市圈内或全省城镇发展轴上具有明显发展潜力和有一定规模基础的乡镇.有所取舍地建设一批中心镇对社会经济发展具有积极地推动作用.在空间结构理论指导下,合理选择中心镇是这项工作的前提和关键.从自然、社会、经济等方面分析了发展中心镇的影响因素,构建了发展中心镇的评价指标体系,以定性和定量相结合的方法确定了烟台市的20个中心镇,指出了它们今后的发展方向,提出了发展中心镇的具体建议.