Index to Volume 23, 1999

In the 'chronically vulnerable areas ' (CVAs) of East Africa a smooth linear transition away from emergency programming towards rehabilitation and long-term development is difficult, if not impossible. This makes uncritical application of the 'relief-to-development ' continuum to programming unhelpful at best, and perhaps counter-productive. This paper is the result of CARE's efforts to review its own programmes – and those of some of its sister agencies – in chronically vulnerable areas in the East Africa region, to derive important lessons learned and to identify areas where improvements are needed. The paper focuses on strategic considerations and decision-making in relation to entry, programme design and strategies for transition and exit.     

一体化多级生物膜反应器处理高氮小城镇污水脱氮试验研究

采用新型一体化多级生物膜反应器处理高氮小城镇污水,在反应器中实现了高效的同步硝化反硝化脱氮,同时采用多点进水方式解决了脱氮低碳源问题.试验结果表明,在温度20℃,有机负荷(COD)为0.85 kg·m-3·d-1、氮负荷为0.27 kg·m-3·d-1、HRT为9h、分点进水条件下,可使进水COD为320 mg.L-1,TN为97 mg.L-1,NH;.N为84mg·L-1左右的高氮城镇污水,出水COD、TN、NH4 -N分别为16 mg·L-1、19.1mg·L-1、6.86 mg·L-1,达到国家一级排放B标准.     

Earthquake-strengthening policy for commercial buildings in small-town New Zealand

New Zealand introduced a seismic retrofitting policy in the wake of the catastrophic Canterbury earthquakes of 2010–11. The aim was to enforce seismic strengthening of earthquake-prone commercial buildings throughout the country. This study focuses on regional urban centres and the economic obstacles to strengthening their aging building stock. In investigating one town, Whanganui, we describe conditions, analyse cases, and identify incentives that apply equally to many other towns in New Zealand. We argue that incentives that suit high-growth, high-value major urban centres are a poor fit for the periphery. Around the world, many places need to upgrade their privately-owned building stock to protect it from disasters, while governments face similar challenges as they struggle to initiate the strengthening of commercial buildings. We analyse the current incentive schemes that aim to support the achievement of policy goals and suggest alternative incentive schemes that can be implemented to improve strengthening outcomes.     

Creative and disruptive elements in Norway´s climate policy mix: the small-state perspective

ABSTRACT

Recent scholarship has argued that effective and credible national climate policy mixes should encompass measures that promote new low-carbon technologies alongside those instruments aimed at constraining and phasing out support for existing polluting industries. The creative and disruptive policy measures in Norway´s climate policy mix are analysed by focusing on both national and international climate mitigation efforts. Norway´s climate policy mix at home has been more ambitious in the transport sector with a growing electric vehicle market than in the energy sector where niche support and disruptive policies have remained weak. Abroad, Norway has been increasingly active in supporting new low-carbon technologies and disrupting the fossil-fuel industry, especially coal. This is explained by the consensus-seeking and oil and gas dominated small-state social-investment political economy in Norway, combined with a forward-looking foreign policy based on norm-setting and multilateralism.     

湖南省县镇卫生院人力资源存在的主要问题及其对策思考

通过调查问卷及实地访谈的方式对湖南省部分乡镇卫生院人力资源(3 024人)进行了调查,通过对调查数据进行统计和分析,得出结论:湖南省乡镇卫生院人力资源存在卫生人员总量不足,人员素质有待提高;专业结构不平衡,职称结构偏向初级;人力资源管理不规范,资源配置不合理等问题.该文在分析湖南省乡镇卫生院人力资源存在问题的原因的基础上,提出具体的对策建议:发挥政府主导作用,促进乡镇卫生院自身发展;建立竞争和激励机制,健全人才考核体系;调整卫生专业结构,加强岗位培训和继续教育;更新人力资源管理模式,健全人力资源管理体制.图3,表1,参8.     

Nighttime lights and population changes in Europe 1992–2012

Nighttime satellite photographs of Earth reveal the location of lighting and provide a unique view of the extent of human settlement. Nighttime lights have been shown to correlate with economic development and population but little research has been done on the link between nighttime lights and population change over time. We explore whether population decline is coupled with decline in lighted area and how the age structure of the population and GDP are reflected in nighttime lights. We examine Europe between the period of 1992 and 2012 using a Geographic Information System and regression analysis. The results suggest that population decline is not coupled with decline in lighted area. Instead, human settlement extent is more closely related to the age structure of the population and to GDP. We conclude that declining populations will not necessarily lead to reductions in the extent of land development.     

经济转型视角下长三角城市土地利用效率影响机制

经济转型背景下,研究全球化、市场化和分权化等因素对城市土地利用效率的影响机制具有重要的理论价值。基于2000-2015年长三角地区各地区面板数据,构建城市土地利用效率测度指标体系,运用超效率DEA模型测算研究区域城市土地利用效率,利用空间计量模型对城市土地利用效率的影响机制进行实证研究,结果表明:(1)从时间演变特征来看,长三角地区的城市土地利用效率呈现出两阶段波动上升的趋势。(2)从空间分异特征来看,长三角地区城市土地利用效率呈现较为明显的区域差异,城市土地利用效率的高值区沿"沪宁—沪杭—杭甬"交通线分布,且这一空间特征较为稳定。(3)从第一阶段到第二阶段,全球化因素对长三角地区城市土地利用效率的推动作用不断增强;经济市场化因素的总效应呈现减弱趋势;财政分权在第一阶段对本地区的城市土地利用效率有显著的积极作用,对临近地区的城市土地利用效率有显著的消极作用,但到了第二阶段,这两种作用均变为不显著;土地财政在第一阶段对土地利用效率提升具有重要作用,但第二阶段随着土地的资本化加强,反而不利于土地利用效率的提升。(4)控制变量中,产业结构高级化水平对提高城市土地利用效率具有显著的推动作用;人口密度因素对城市土地利用效率的直接影响也愈发显著。     

大型气候环境实验室上部运输系统的方案设计

目的设计出满足气候环境实验室的上部运输系统。方法根据国内外实验室上部运输系统的设计经验,结合实际使用情况,设计出满足实验室使用条件的上部运输系统方案。结果设计出的上部运输系统直接参与各环境试验的运输、吊装工作,满足气候实验室的环境条件,且具有安全可靠、便于操作维护等特点。结论设计出的上部运输系统满足气候环境实验室的使用要求。     

小城镇污水处理研究

随着小城镇经济的发展,对周边地区的环境污染也在加剧.一些小城镇的水处理设施落后,缺乏污水处理的资金,造成一些小城镇面临越来越严重的水污染问题.在此前提下,采用人工湿地系统对小城镇污水进行处理,可以发挥资源的生产潜力,防止环境的再污染,可获得污水处理与资源化的最佳效益,具有较高的环境效益、经济效益及社会效益.     

城郊型小城镇环境保护及生态建设初探--以扬州市邗江区甘泉镇为例

城郊型小城镇位于城乡结合部，由于受大城市的辐射，发展较快，做好城郊型小城镇的环境保护与生态建设具有重要的战略意义：本文以扬州市邗江区甘泉镇为例，探讨了城郊型小城镇环境保护及生态建设的思路。