利用马尔柯夫过程预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的变化

以我国北方典型草原模式地段之一的锡林河流域草原为研究对象,根据研究区两个时期遥感影像解译的植被类型图衍生出草原植被退化图。在对草原退化图统一网格化后,计算各网格草原退化指数,并加以分级,确定不同草原退化等级之间转移概率,并应用马尔柯夫模型预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的演变趋势。结果表明:如果不采取防止草地退化的根本性措施,草原退化态势还将继续下去。以每个网格草原退化指数值为各网格草原退化状况划分依据,以3km×3km网格为统计单元,在流域总面积为10701km₂情况下,预测结果是:2005年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格总面积是3776km₂,占流域总面积的35.29%;4、5级网格面积之和为5427km₂,达到流域总面积的50.71%。2025年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格面积总和是3389km₂,占流域总面积的31.67%;4、5级网格面积之和为6406km₂,达到流域总面积的59.86%。     

乡村振兴视角下耕地利用转型的时空格局及路径分析——以淮海经济区为例

深刻解读耕地利用转型内涵,基于乡村振兴与耕地利用转型的系统逻辑构建相关评价指标体系,运用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）和标准差椭圆（SDE）等方法,对2002年、2007年、2012年和2017年淮海经济区耕地利用转型效度进行评测,据此揭示乡村振兴战略背景下耕地利用转型的时空格局及转型路径。结果表明：（1）15年间淮海经济区耕地利用转型呈现整体上升、区域均衡的时空格局。（2）耕地利用转型空间集聚现象明显,南北差异显著。空间转型集聚程度逐渐减弱,功能转型呈现先降低后升高、再降低又趋于平缓的态势。（3）耕地利用转型呈现东北—西南格局,以徐州市为区域重心,在南北方向上持续收缩、东西方向上不断平移,导致转型空间形态呈C状分布;系统要素的交流耦合渐进增长且上升通道具有收缩趋势,最终形成“分散—聚拢—分散—聚拢”重叠形态的转型路径。建议研究区未来发展重点聚焦转型发展内源动力的协调融合,引导耕地利用转型由“C形”扩散转向“O形”收敛的圈层式包容增长格局,并不断提升耕地多功能融合增益的共享程度,将地理系统的均衡机制转化为乡村振兴的现实效能。     

好氧颗粒污泥技术处理乡镇污水应用

为研究好氧颗粒污泥技术是否适用于处理乡镇污水,采用该技术对处理规模为400 m3/d的乡镇污水处理厂进行改造,考察了污泥颗粒化过程、污染物去除效果及接种絮状污泥与好氧颗粒污泥微生物群落结构差异.结果表明,以进料负荷的交替变化作为调控措施,反应器启动后第13天污泥出现颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径0.499 mm;启动第40天污泥完全颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径1.336 mm.完全颗粒化后SBR反应器内ρ（MLSS）稳定在8~12 g/L,SVI维持在25~40 mL/g,出水ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₃-N）、ρ（TN）始终满足GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准要求.群落结构的研究结果表明,相比于接种絮状污泥,好氧颗粒污泥群落丰富度和多样性均明显减少,反硝化功能菌和聚磷菌丰度显著增加;在好氧颗粒污泥中,Nitrosomonas（亚硝化单胞菌属）、Nitrospira（硝化螺旋菌属）是主要的硝化功能菌;Dechloromonas、Clostridium sensu stricto 13（梭菌属）是主要的反硝化细菌;Aeromonas（气单胞菌属）、Clostridium sensu stricto 13（梭菌属）是主要的聚磷菌;Uncultured Xanthomonadaceae、Comamonas（丛毛单胞菌属）、Zoogloea（动胶菌属）是降解有机物的主要菌种,其中Comamonas（丛毛单胞菌属）、Zoogloea（动胶菌属）也是好氧污泥颗粒化过程中的关键菌株.      

过渡流下三列圆柱传热特性的数值模拟

为了研究过渡流状态下管外流体流动与传热特性的影响因素,利用基于复合网格系统的计算方法,对不同横向间距比与纵向间距比下的三列交叉圆柱列进行数值研究。研究结果表明,纵向间距一定时,横向间距对旋涡的位置及强弱有显著影响,且因上游圆柱不稳定性尾流对下游圆柱的洗刷作用使圆柱列存在一个最佳横向间距使换热效果最佳;横向间距一定时,三列交叉圆柱列的换热效果均随纵向间距的增大而递减。     

基于土地利用转型视角的“亚喀斯特”区域生态环境效应研究——以黔中部分地区为例

在遥感与GIS的支持下,以1995、2000、2005和2010年的TM影像及2015年的Landsat8 OLI遥感影像为数据源,从土地利用转型的角度,运用区域生态环境质量指数和土地利用转型类型的生态贡献率对亚喀斯特地区的土地利用/覆盖变化过程及生态环境效应进行了定量分析。结果表明,1995~2015年间,亚喀斯特地区土地利用/覆盖变化较为显著,其中生活用地和生态用地面积增加,而生产用地面积减少,主要表现为农业生产用地向城镇、农村生活用地及林地生态用地的转化。计算得到亚喀斯特区域5期的生态环境质量指数分别为0.540 2、0.539 7、0.552 3、0.558 1和0.561 5,生态环境质量总体维持稳定,呈一定的上升趋势。致使亚喀斯特区域生态环境质量改善的主要原因是农业生产用地向林地、草地和水域生态用地的转化;致使生态环境恶化的主要是农业生产用地向城镇、农村生活用地等的转化,但生态环境改善的趋势要大于恶化的趋势。     

Sustainable Development and Transition of Traditional Retailing Centers in Beijing from Consumers' Perspective

Based on the consumer questionnaires of the three traditional retailing centers,Qianmen,Wangfujing and Xidan in Beijing,this article analyzes the present features of consumer composition in the three retailing centers.What is more,the evolution course and function transition of traditional retailing centers is revealed based on the changing of consumer composition in different times.Lastly,the renewal method and development trends of traditional retailing centers are discussed based on the evaluation results in consumers' perspective.     

Evaluating long-term urban resilience through an examination of the history of green spaces in Tokyo

Long-term urban resilience requires urban systems with the capacity to respond to change and disturbance and to enhance the conditions for lasting wellbeing. Over the past century Tokyo has demonstrated impressive resilience, especially a capacity to reorganise and rebuild in response to successive major disturbances. Throughout these recoveries, the city-region maintained a focus on re-establishing, improving and maintaining international competitiveness through industrial development. Green spaces in Tokyo provided a flexible, but gradually disappearing resource. Today, to meet the needs of its ageing and minimally expanding population for enhanced wellbeing, Tokyo requires active transition planning covering many intertwined factors, but the adaptive capacity provided by the green space resource is no longer available. The Tokyo case underscores the risk inherent in the depletion of non-renewable resources (in this instance, green space) to secure immediate recovery and accommodate growth and short-term resilience at the expense of long-term resilience.     

掺杂过渡金属的TiO2/累托石复合材料的制备及其光催化性能研究

以累托石为载体,钛酸四丁酯和硝酸铜为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出了掺杂过渡金属铜的TiO2/累托石复合光催化材料,并对其进行了X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(FT-IR)的表征.同时考察了复合材料在紫外光照下对对氯苯酚的光催化活性,研究了铜掺杂量和煅烧温度等因素对复合材料光催化活性的影响,探讨了过渡金属掺杂改性TiO2的机理及对氯苯酚的光催化降解机理.实验结果表明:在制备复合材料的过程中,累托石的层状结构遭到一定程度的破坏;复合材料中的TiO2主要是以大部分的锐钛矿型和小部分的金红石型的混合形态存在;负载累托石后复合材料的吸附性能明显增加,掺杂铜的TiO2/累托石复合材料的光催化活性要高于未掺杂铜的TiO2/累托石复合材料,并且当掺铜量为0.5%(质量分数),煅烧温度为500℃时,复合材料对对氯苯酚的光催化去除率达到最大;苯醌类物质可能是对氯苯酚光降解的中间产物.     

The Application of Chemical Leasing Business Models in Mexico

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.02.294 Background, Aim and Scope. To better address the requirements of the changing multilateral order, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Cleaner Production Programme, in 2004, developed the new Sustainable Industrial Resource Management (SIRM) approach. This approach is in accordance with the principles decided at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. Unlike the traditional approaches to environmental management, the SIRM concept captures the idea of achieving sustainable industrial development through the implementation of circular material and energy flows in the entire production chain and reduction of the amount of material and energy used with greater efficiency solutions. The SIRM approach seeks to develop new models to encourage a shift from selling products to supplying services, modifying, in this manner, the supplier/user relationship and resulting in a win-win situation for the economy and the environment. Chemical Leasing represents such a new service-oriented business model and is currently being promoted by UNIDO′s Cleaner Production Programme. Main Features. One of the potential approaches to address the problems related to ineffective use and over-consumption of chemicals is the development and implementation of Chemical Leasing business models. These provide concrete solutions to the effective management of chemicals and on the ways negative releases to the environment can be reduced. The Chemical Leasing approach is a strategy that addresses the obligations of the changing international chemicals policy by focusing on a more service-oriented strategy. Mexico is one of the countries that were selected for the implementation of UNIDO's demonstration project to promote Chemical Leasing models in the country. The target sector of this project is the chemical industry, which is expected to shift their traditional business concept towards a more service and value-added approach. This is being achieved through the development of company specific business models that implement the above-indicated Chemical Leasing concept with the support from the Mexican National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC). Results and Conclusions. The implementation of Chemical Leasing in Mexico has proven to be an efficient instrument in enhancing sustainable chemical management and significantly reducing emissions in Mexico. Several companies from the chemical industrial sector implement or agreed to implement chemical leasing business models. Based on the positive findings of the project, several Mexican companies started to negotiate contents of possible Chemical Leasing contracts with suitable business partners. The project further aimed at disseminating information on Chemical Leasing. It successfully attracted globally operating companies in the chemicals sector to explore possibilities to implement Chemical Leasing business models in Mexico. At the international level, the results of the UNIDO project were presented on 20TH September 2005 during a side event of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) Preparation Conference in Vienna. Recommendations and Outlook. To facilitate the promotion and application of Chemical Leasing project at international level, UNIDO is currently developing a number of tools to standardize Chemical Leasing projects. These include, among others, Chemical leasing contract models; Chemical Leasing data base to find partners for chemical leasing; and guidelines to implement Chemical Leasing projects and work programmes.     

The governance of ecosystem services in river basins: An approach for structured data representation and analysis

River basins provide a wide range of ecosystem services important for human well-being. Ecosystem functions and their value to humans have been thoroughly studied. However, the role of governance characteristics for the sustainable management of ecosystem services has been largely ignored up to now. To close this gap, this article introduces the latest modifications to a database building on the Management and Transition Framework (MTF) that serve to study the relationship between water governance and management systems and their performance with regard to impacts on ecosystem services. This comprehensive approach facilitates structured data collection and representation in order to analyze single case studies or compare case studies regarding the governance and management of water resources and associated ecosystem services. It allows the user to investigate whether certain water governance characteristics, such as stakeholder involvement or vertical integration of governance levels, are associated with a change in the management of ecosystem services or a measurable change in their state. A simplified case from South Africa shows how the database modifications allow addressing links between governance and management processes on the one side and ecosystem services and the way they are handled on the other side. Applying the MTF database leads to evidence-based insights into best practices as well as failed management approaches and interventions. This in turn provides knowledge that can be transferred from science to practice supporting sustainable governance of ecosystem services.