后处理设施给水系统可靠性的GO法研究

后处理设施给水系统是后处理设施重要的公用系统,对后处理设施的稳定、安全运行至关重要.给水系统的可靠性需要深入分析,应用GO法进行了研究.获得了给水系统的平均故障概率、最小割集、重要度等可靠性指标.结果表明,给水系统的可靠性比较高,符合单一故障准则,二阶最小割集对系统故障的贡献最大,应该采取措施予以消除.进一步深入对比分析GO法与故障树法,结果显示,对于给水系统的可靠性分析,GO法有建模容易且图形简洁的优点.     

某炼钢厂2#转炉一次烟气塔-环隙工艺技改前后除尘效果分析

某钢厂2#转炉一次烟气除尘系统由原来"两文"系统改为"塔-环隙"系统,经过比较研究两种除尘系统的运行效果得出:塔-环隙系统实现喉口自动调节,出口含尘浓度明显降低,煤气回收利用率基本持平。     

土壤pH、Eh对土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅分布的影响

以苫丁茶冬青(Ilex kudingcha C.J.Tseng)扦插苗(15个月生)进行盆栽实验,通过土施H2SO4、Ca(OH)2和复合肥,改变土壤pH和氧化还原电位(Eh),研究土壤pH、Eh条件对土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅分布的影响.结果表明:在所研究的土壤pH范围内,从酸性到碱性变化,铅在土壤中含量分布趋于减少,在...     

基于增强回归树的城市PM2.5日均值变化分析:以常州为例

利用2014年12月至2015年11月常州市区6个国控监测站空气污染物浓度逐时数据,分析了PM_(2.5)浓度季节变化特征,采用增强回归树模拟分析了PM10、4种气态污染物和7个气象因子对ρ(PM_(2.5))日变化的贡献.结果表明,常州市区PM_(2.5)污染季节差异明显,冬季污染严重且持续时间长,夏季污染较轻.四季ρ(PM_(2.5))空间分布特征存在一定差异,但各季内不同监测站差异较小.增强回归树对ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值进行模拟和验证得到,训练数据的相关性为0.981,交叉验证的相关性为0.957.此外,模拟值与实测值的标准化平均偏差为1.80%,标准化平均误差为10.41%,可见模型拟合效果较好.PM10、气态污染物、气象因子和区域输送及扩散这4种影响类型对全年ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值差异的贡献率分别为23.4%、28%、36.2%和12.6%,表明在对ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值差异的影响上,气象因子二次形成一次源区域输送及扩散.在对ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值差异贡献率大于5%的因子中,ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值与PM10、相对湿度、CO和O3正相关,与温度、SO2和混合层高度负相关,与大气压和NO2关系较复杂.区域输送及扩散方面,东南风向、偏西风向和偏北风向等上风向周边城市的污染物输送对常州市区PM_(2.5)污染存在较大的负面影响.     

桥式起重机典型事故分析及安全管理

分析了桥式起重机典型事故发生机理,运用事故树分析法对桥式起重机事故发生进行了分析,从而为能够找出安全隐患,制定出最优的控制措施提供了理论上的依据.最后根据分析结果,系统地提出了控制危害,降低事故发生率的安全管理措施,提出一些具有可行性的建议.     

FTA和FMECA综合法对常压炉的风险分析

首先对炼油厂的常压炉系统进行了火灾爆炸事故的FTA分析,在此基础上进行了深入的FMECA分析,绘制出分析表格,并提出将这两种方法结合起来应用的优点以及一般步骤.综合两种分析方法深入分析了引起火灾爆炸事故的原因,指出系统运行的潜在危险因素,根据分析结果提出综合性的安全改进和预防措施.     

人误因素树构建技术研究

运用人误因素辨识多视图法进行因素辨识,建立了详细的因素辨识表;把人的行为分为5个阶段,即系统状态监测阶段,目标分析阶段,方案确定阶段和行为执行阶段.分别分析各个阶段可能的人误原因及模式;以组织视图为例,根据因素辨识和人误原因及模式分析结果,阐述人误因素树的构建过程,最终得到了1个完整的人误因素树.     

小型露天采石场爆破作业安全评价方法的探讨

应用安全检查表、事故树、作业条件危险性分析等方法对露天小型采石场爆破作业进行了分析评价,找出了导致爆破作业事故发生的可能因素及可采用的预防途径,为小型露天爆破作业事故的预防提供有益参考.     

Risk assessment and risk reduction of an acrylonitrile production plant

Reducing accident occurrence in petrochemical plants is crucial, thus appropriately allocating management resources to safety investment is a vital issue for corporate management as international competition intensifies. Understanding the priority of safety investment in a rational way helps achieve this objective.In this study, we targeted an acrylonitrile plant. First, Dow Chemical's Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) identified the reaction process as having the greatest physical risk. We evaluated the severity of accidents in the reaction process using the Process Safety Metrics advocated by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS); however, this index does not express damages a company actually experience. To solve this problem, we proposed a new metric that adds indirect cost to CCPS metrics. We adopted fault tree analysis (FTA) as a risk assessment method. In identifying top events and basic events, we attempted to improve the completeness of risk identification by considering accidents from the past, actual plant operation and equipment characteristics, natural disasters, and cyber-attacks and terrorist attacks. Consequently, we identified the top events with high priority in handling because of serious accidents as fire/explosion outside the reactor, fire/explosion inside the reactor, and reactor destruction. The new CCPS evaluation index proposed in this study found that fire and explosion outside the reactor has the highest severity. We considered the creation of the fault tree (FT) diagram of the top event, estimating the occurrence probability, and identifying the risk reduction part and capital investment aimed at risk reduction. As an economically feasible selection method for risk reduction investment, using the difference in loss amounts before and after safety investments indicated investment priority.     

Trace Element Concentrations and Bioindicator Responses in Tree Swallows from Northwestern Minnesota

Extremely high concentrations of cadmium (3.5 μg/g dry wgt.) and elevated concentrations of chromium (>10 μg/g dry wgt.) and mercury (1.6 μg/g dry wgt.) were reported in waterbird tissues at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in northwestern Minnesota in 1994. Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were studied during 1998–2001 at three drainages into the Refuge, two pools on the Refuge, and at a nearby reference location to document whether high levels of contaminants were still present, and if so to quantify the source and severity of the contamination. Trace elements were measured in tree swallow eggs, livers, and diet. Reproductive success and bioindicator responses were monitored. In 2000, water was drawn down on Agassiz Pool, one of the main pools on the Refuge. This presented an opportunity to evaluate the response of trace element concentrations in the diet and tissues of tree swallows after reflooding. High concentrations of trace elements were not detected in swallow tissues, nor were there differences among locations. Less than 20% of swallow samples had detectable concentrations of cadmium or chromium. Mercury concentrations were low and averaged <0.25 μg/g dry wgt. in swallow tissues. Trace elements, including mercury, did not increase in tree swallows following the 2000 drawdown at Agassiz Pool. Hatching success and survival of nestlings to 12 days-of-age for tree swallows on the Refuge were similar to the national average and consistent with background trace element concentrations. Bioindicator measurements were within the normal ranges as well.