1985—2015年陕西黄土台塬表层土壤有机碳空间分布

中尺度范围土壤有机碳的长期动态变化状态对大气温室气体的浓度、当地环境的生态效应至关重要。论文研究了陕西黄土台塬近30 a表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳密度的空间分布特征,并探讨了气候、地形、土壤类型、土地利用与土壤有机碳密度和储量的关系。结果表明：1）近30 a黄土台塬土壤有机碳密度和储量呈增加趋势,且增加幅度愈来愈明显,其中,1985—2000年有机碳密度和储量的增量分别为0.20 kg/m²和1.46×10⁶ t,2000—2015年分别为0.75 kg/m²和10.87×10⁶ t。2）1985—2015年有机碳密度随气温和降水量的增加而增加,随高程和坡度的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在高程679~779 m、坡度10°~20°范围达到最大值。3）大多数土壤类型有机碳密度和储量随时间延长呈增长趋势,其中,黑垆土有机碳密度增加最大（1.59 kg/m²）,黄绵土储量增量最多（5.64×10⁶ t）;不同土地利用类型有机碳密度和储量随时间延长也呈增加趋势,林草地有机碳密度增加量明显大于耕地。4）研究区表层土壤有机碳密度与气温、土壤类型、土地利用类型在P<0.001水平上相关性显著,与降水在P<0.05水平上显著相关。     

Key factors influencing management decisions concerning safety equipment selection

The construction industry involves many hazardous activities that may expose workers to a wide variety of health hazards. Selection of construction safety equipment is crucial in ensuring workers’ safety. This article aims to examine key factors influencing management decisions concerning safety equipment selection, utilizing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A questionnaire survey is conducted in the construction companies in Bangkok, Thailand. The factor analysis extracts 103 sets of data into six key factors – namely supplier agreements, supplier support, personal, equipment design, safety-related policies and cost value factors – with a total of 20 associated items. The AHP results conclude that the safety-related policies, equipment design and personal factors are the most important factors when selecting construction safety equipment. A construction company can use the study results as a checklist to help assess different safety equipment, and to select the best equipment.     

Railway safety climate: a study on organizational development

The safety climate of an organization is considered a leading indicator of potential risk for railway organizations. This study adopts the perceptual measurement–individual attribute approach to investigate the safety climate of a railway organization. The railway safety climate attributes are evaluated from the perspective of railway system staff. We identify four safety climate dimensions from exploratory factor analysis, namely safety communication, safety training, safety management and subjectively evaluated safety performance. Analytical results indicate that the safety climate differs at vertical and horizontal organizational levels. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the multilevel safety climate in a railway organization, presents possible causes of the differences under various cultural contexts and differentiates between safety climate scales for diverse workgroups within the railway organization. This information can be used to improve the safety sustainability of railway organizations and to conduct safety supervisions for the government.     

创建金属冶炼目录需要考虑的若干因素探讨

2014年12月1日施行的《中华人民共和国安全生产法》将金属冶炼单位纳入重点监管,极大提升了冶金有色行业的整体安全管理要求。为便于生产企业、安全监管部门和相关技术服务单位开展工作,国家安全生产监督管理总局组织制定了金属冶炼目录。就目录创建需要综合考虑的若干因素进行探讨。     

亚青会期间南京大气PM_(2.5)中重金属来源及风险

为探究亚青会期间南京奥体中心附近大气PM2.5中重金属来源及潜在的健康风险,于2013年8月3~28日对PM2.5中重金属元素V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn、Sb和Pb进行了观测分析.结果表明:受亚青会污染源调控和气象要素影响,亚青会前、中、后不同时期重金属浓度存在差异,亚青会期间各重金属的浓度均值低于亚青会前期.富集因子分析显示Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn、Sb和Pb为重度富集元素,污染程度为CdCuZnPbSbSn.聚类分析表明工业排放、燃煤、道路尘和机动车尾气排放是这些重金属的主要来源.亚青会期间,PM2.5中各重金属通过呼吸途径对运动员造成的非致癌风险均小于1,5种致癌重金属的风险指数均低于致癌风险阈值范围.     

基于因子分析的嫩江重要省界缓冲区水质评价研究

嫩江流域省界缓冲区水质监测与评价,是针对2010年和2015年引起嫩江省界缓冲区水环境质量主要污染物的变化分析,判断主要超标指标为有机生化指标。为进一步明确嫩江缓冲区水质影响关键因子,采用因子分析评价嫩江重要省界缓冲区水质状况。依据因子的荷载矩阵,2010年和2015年的主导因子均累计解释了原始向量80%以上的信息,反映了这两年水环境和污染因子之间的关系。嫩江流域省界缓冲区流域水质状况分析,为今后对嫩江流域水功能区目标管理提供理论支持。     

Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from industrial grade biomass boilers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate-bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler(BB1) and one specially designed(BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). The total emission factors(EFs) of PAHs ranged from 0.0064 to0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8 times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar.The ratio of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices, which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential stove exhausts.     

Spatial and temporal variation of haze in China from 1961 to 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the climatic characteristics and long-term spatial and temporal variations of haze occurrence in China. The impact factors of haze trends are also discussed. Meteorological data from 1961 to 2012 and daily PM₁₀ concentrations from 2003 to 2012 were employed in this study. The results indicate that the annual-average hazy days at all stations have been increasing rapidly from 4 days in 1961 to 18 days in 2012. The maximum number of haze days occur in winter (41.1%) while the minimum occur in summer (10.4%). During 1961-2012, the high occurrence areas of haze shifted from central to south and east regions of China. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) region, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan Province are the high occurrence areas for haze, while the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) have become regions with high haze occurrences in the last 25 years. Temperature and pressure are positively correlated with the number of haze days. However, wind, relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration are negatively correlated with the number of haze days. The key meteorological factors affecting the formation and dissipation of haze vary for high and low altitudes, and are closely related to anthropogenic activities. In recent years, anthropogenic activities have played a more important role in haze occurrences compared with meteorological factors.     

节球藻毒素的紫外光降解研究

为优化节球藻毒素(NOD)光解处理的最佳光源及反应条件,利用自制光反应装置研究了NOD在暗反应、可见光、暗反应+TiO_2、可见光+TiO_2及单独紫外光(UVA、UVB、UVC)处理下的去除效果,继而选择UVC作为最佳光源进行后续实验,探讨NOD初始浓度、温度、p H和光强对NOD去除效果的影响及反应动力学.结果表明:暗反应、可见光、可见光+TiO_2的组合、UVA和UVB均对NOD无显著去除作用,最高去除率约为20%;UVC处理可以快速去除水中NOD,其去除过程符合二级动力学.UVC处理时,pH对NOD的去除无显著影响;温度升高,NOD去除率缓慢增大,但组间差异并不显著;初始浓度越大,NOD去除率越低;光强增大,NOD去除率快速升高,但到达一定临界值后保持稳定状态.3种因素对UVC去除NOD的影响程度由大到小分别为:光强时间温度.光强318μW·cm~(-2)、p H=7、温度30℃、反应时间4 h为最佳处理条件,此时NOD去除率最高,初始浓度为0.1μg·m L~(-1)的NOD几乎被完全去除,残留浓度低于WHO及我国规定的藻毒素含量限值.研究表明,UVC光解NOD安全高效,是一种非常理想的NOD去除方法.     

海河流域河流氮污染特征及其演变趋势

收集海河流域重点水功能区主要监测站点2000—2011年总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、硝氮(NO-3-N)、亚硝氮(NO-2-N)指标的历史数据,并且实测2009年350个样点的氮素指标,以探明海河流域河流氮污染特征及其演变趋势.结果表明,海河流域氮污染现状严重,2011年TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N和NO-2-N的平均浓度分别为7.92、4.25、1.28、0.013 mg·L-1,TN、NH+4-N超地表水V类水质标准现象严重(2.0 mg·L-1),其中海河干流水系、北三河(北运河、潮白河、蓟运河)水系和子牙河水系污染较重.在空间尺度上,海河流域氮污染沿山区-平原方向呈现出明显逐渐上升的变化特征.在时间尺度上,TN与NH+4-N浓度变化均在2005年与2011年出现峰值,TN浓度与NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N浓度呈现极显著正相关(p0.01),NH+4-N是海河流域氮污染的主要污染因子.2000—2011年,NH+4-N劣V类(2.0 mg·L-1)站点比例整体上表现为减少趋势,由2000年的28.87%降为2011年的17.56%,劣V类站点NH+4-N浓度均值由2000年的7.91 mg·L-1降为2011年的6.50mg·L-1.在海河流域中,黑龙港运东水系、子牙河水系河流NH+4-N污染较重,各年平均浓度均超过地表水V类水质标准,NH+4-N平均浓度呈现随年份逐渐降低的趋势.在海河流域氮污染整体表现为好转的趋势下,氮污染的现状仍然严峻,需加强控制.