重型柴油车实际道路排放与行驶工况的相关性研究

采用SEMTECH-D车载排放测试仪测量了东风柴油卡车在城市实际道路工况以及等速和加速工况下的油耗及污染物排放状况.测试结果显示,测试卡车实际道路综合百公里油耗为17.8 L,NOx、CO和HC排放因子分别为3.96、8.86和2.15g·km-1.其中主干道路况相对较差,油耗与排放因子较高,是所有测试道路平均水平的1.3～1.8倍左右.研究结果表明,重型车油耗及污染物排放与各行驶工况下的速度、加速度均密切相关,车辆在高速加速行驶状态下易产生高排放.车辆在30～50 km·h-1速度区间内等速行驶时,油耗与排放因子最为经济且环境友好.车辆在加速行驶时,油耗与NOx、CO排放因子可达到城市实际道路平均水平的2.0、2.2、1.4倍,急加速时达到2.8、2.1、14倍.应用比功率概念可准确描述车辆在各运行工况下的排放水平,但在重型车上缺乏实验依据,有待进一步研究.     

基于GIS的乌梁素海水体富营养化状况的模糊模式识别

利用基于MATLAB 7.0实现的模糊模式识别交叉迭代模型对2006年5—10月分布于乌梁素海各水体功能区的21个水质监测点的富营养化等级进行了模糊模式识别,并在GIS技术支持下,用Arcview的空间分析功能绘制富营养化等级识别结果、对富营养化状态影响权重最大的评价指标总氮(TN)含量和富营养化状态控制元素总磷(TP)含量对应的富营养化等级水体和地表水质等级水体的空间分布月变化Grid专题图.将富营养化状态变化及其分布区域与乌梁素海同期水质监测指标浓度变化及其分布区域进行对比分析及验证.结果表明,富营养化等级识别结果的时空分布与实际情况相符,能够比较准确地反映富营养化等级定量的时空变化趋势.      

人的差错行为对矿山安全的模糊综合评判

人的差错行为对矿山安全有着极大的影响.对人的差错行为因素进行分析,利用模糊综合评判的方法,对某煤矿工人作业行为安全性的评判,确定该煤矿矿工行为的安全状态,从而及时了解矿工情绪、心理等状态,适时地进行安全培训教育,以保障人员安全作业.     

“双碳”目标下我国碳普惠制的探索与实践

基于我国“双碳”战略目标和绿色低碳转型发展,本文介绍了碳普惠制的定义、内涵及其与碳排放权交易制度的区别,对国内外碳普惠制的探索、实践进行梳理,通过对相关碳普惠平台的分析研究,提出碳普惠平台建设的业务框架设计,对生活服务业场景接入碳普惠平台进行分析和讨论。针对当前我国碳普惠发展存在的问题,提出相关政策建议,为国内碳普惠相关研究和应用提供参考。     

A critical overview of driver recording tools

Introduction: Technological advancements during recent decades have led to the development of a wide array of tools and methods in order to record driving behavior and measure various aspects of driving performance. The aim of the present study is to present and comparatively assess the various driver recording tools that researchers have at their disposal. Method: In order to achieve this aim, a multitude of published studies from the international literature have been examined based on the driver recording methodologies that have been implemented. An examination of more traditional survey methods (questionnaires, police reports, and direct observer methods) is initially conducted, followed by investigating issues pertinent to the use of driving simulators. Afterwards, an extensive section is provided for naturalistic driving data tools, including the utilization of on-board diagnostics (OBD) and in-vehicle data recorders (IVDRs). Lastly, in-depth incident analysis and the exploitation of smartphone data are discussed. Results: A critical synthesis of the results is conducted, providing the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing each tool and including additional knowledge regarding ease of experimental implementation, data handling issues, impacts on subsequent analyses, as well as the respective cost parameters. Conclusions: New technologies provide undeniably powerful tools that allow for seamless data handling, storage, and analysis, such as smartphones and in-vehicle data recorders. However, this sometimes comes at considerable costs (which may or may not pay off at a later stage), while legacy driver recording methods still have their own niches to fill in research. Practical Applications: The present research supports researchers when designing driver behavior monitoring studies. The present work enables better scheduling and pacing of research activities, but can also provide insights for the distribution of research funds.     

An application of a modified theory of planned behavior model to investigate adolescents’ job safety knowledge,norms, attitude and intention to enact workplace safety and health skills

Introduction: For many reasons, including a lack of adequate safety training and education, U.S. adolescents experience a higher rate of job-related injury compared to adult workers. Widely used social-psychological theories in public health research and practice, such as the theory of planned behavior, may provide guidance for developing and evaluating school-based interventions to prepare adolescents for workplace hazards and risks. Method: Using a structural equation modeling approach, the current study explores whether a modified theory of planned behavior model provides insight on 1,748 eighth graders’ occupational safety and health (OSH) attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy and behavioral intention, before and after receiving instruction on a free, national young worker safety and health curriculum. Reliability estimates for the measures were produced and direct and indirect associations between knowledge and other model constructs assessed. Results: Overall, the findings align with the theory of planned behavior. The structural equation model adequately fit the data; most path coefficients are statistically significant and knowledge has indirect effects on behavioral intention. Confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention measures each reflect a unique dimension (reliability estimates ≥0.86), while the subjective norm measure did not perform adequately. Conclusion: The findings presented provide support for using behavioral theory (specifically a modified theory of planned behavior) to investigate adolescents’ knowledge, perceptions, and behavioral intention to engage in safe and healthful activities at work, an understanding of which may contribute to reducing the downstream burden of injury on this vulnerable population—the future workforce. Practical application: Health behavior theories, commonly used in the social and behavioral sciences, have utility and provide guidance for developing and evaluating OSH interventions, including those aimed at preventing injuries and promoting the health and safety of adolescent workers in the U.S., who are injured at higher rates than are adults.     

Empirical analysis of shared leadership promotion and team creativity: An adaptive leadership perspective

Promoting shared leadership in teams and enhancing team creativity is aided by complementarity between leader and team member characteristics. We integrate insights from social learning theory and dominance complementarity perspective with the team leadership and creativity literature to explore the facilitating role of formal participative leadership for enhancing team creativity indirectly by promoting shared leadership. The relationships among formal participative leadership, shared leadership, and team creativity are bounded by team voice behavior and team creative efficacy. To test our theoretical model, we collected multisource and multiwave survey data from 382 members of 73 teams. Results revealed a significant positive relationship of participative leadership with shared leadership in teams, which in turn was positively associated with team creativity. Team voice behavior and team creative efficacy moderated these relationships, respectively, by strengthening the positive relationships. We discuss the theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future directions of our findings.     

组织支持感对建筑业农民工不安全行为的影响*

为对建筑业农民工的不安全行为进行科学有效的管理,探讨组织支持感、自我效能感与建筑业农民工不安全行为之间的关系,防止因建筑业农民工不安全行为造成的不安全事件发生,从组织行为学和计划行为学视角出发,以218名一线建筑业农民工为研究对象,通过构建结构方程模型进行实证分析。结果表明:组织支持感的3个维度均可直接对建筑业农民工的不安全行为产生负向显著影响,其中关心利益维度影响最大,工作支持维度次之;建筑业农民工的自我效能感在其组织支持感与不安全行为的负向关系中起到中介作用。     

农地整治权属调整中农户认知对行为响应的作用机制--基于改进TPB及多群组SEM

农地整治权属调整是实现农业规模化和现代化的重要手段,而农户有效参与是推动权属调整的内在动力,研究农地整治权属调整中农户认知对其行为响应的作用机制,有助于高效引导农户参与权属调整,并为制定农地整治权属调整的政策提供科学依据。基于改进计划行为理论和湖北省11个县(市、区)1044份农户抽样调查数据,采用多群组结构方程模型探究了农地整治权属调整中不同类型农户认知对其行为响应的作用机制。结果表明:农地整治权属调整中农户行为逻辑符合改进计划行为理论,农户的行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制交互影响行为意愿,进而转换为行为响应,政府支持在行为意愿和行为响应之间起到部分中介作用。总体上,农户行为响应是"自发性""诱发性"和"约束性"三重行动逻辑的结合,且"自发性"占主导地位。多群组结构方程估计结果表明,纯农型与兼业Ⅰ型农户的行为响应受到"自发性""诱发性"和"约束性"三重影响,兼业Ⅱ型农户受到"自发性"和"诱发性"双重影响,非农型农户仅受到"诱发性"单一影响。因此,为引导农户积极参与农地整治权属调整,应该分别针对各类农户相应地提高其参与的"自发性"和"诱发性",降低"约束性",充分发挥农村社会经济组织的作用,将四种不同类型农户的利益需求统筹考虑,降低权属调整过程中利益协调难度。     

中国低碳城市试点的政策设计逻辑

政策试点是中国国家治理策略体系的重要组成部分,是中国政府遵循“由点到面”逻辑以试验手段制定政策的一种常规性工作方法。低碳城市试点是中国应对气候变化战略的重要组成部分,通过选择不同类型、不同发展阶段、不同资源禀赋的地区开展试点,探索经济增长与碳排放脱钩的模式。现有文献侧重低碳城市建设的内涵、建设模式与路径、温室气体的核算方法、政策手段、峰值研究与达峰路径、效果评估等,有力地支持了低碳城市建设决策,但对于低碳城市试点的政策设计鲜有涉及。本文从政策过程理论、央地关系两个视角,结合府际学习与竞争关系,建构了中国低碳城市政策“试点–扩散”机制与政府行为的分析框架。中国的低碳城市试点具有探索型开拓性、综合型专业性、授权型自主性的特点,结合三批低碳城市试点的文件要求和实践进展,从政策试点的选点、设计、执行、监督和评估五个方面对于中国低碳城市试点进行了系统的梳理分析。相较于经济领域的其他政策试点,低碳城市政策试点具有弱激励弱约束的政策环境。地方政府基于自身的学习能力和领导力,在政策创新方面表现出争先、自主、效仿和守成四种行为特征,并以杭州、深圳、镇江、成都四个表率城市做了实证。政策“试点-扩散”的过程从本质上讲是中国政策创新与扩散的过程,可能在现实中需要往复多次进行,中国已陆续开展的三批低碳城市试点工作就遵循这样的政策逻辑。试点的意义是试出问题、解决问题、积累经验。从前三批试点城市评估结果来看,试点城市在低碳发展目标设定、转型路径探索和低碳发展动力转换等方面与社会的预期仍有差距,为此本文提出了推进低碳城市建设的四点建议:一是激发城市低碳发展的内生动力;二是完善低碳城市试点的科学论证机制;三是建立激励与约束并举的长效机制;四是强化市场公平竞争的政策导向。