A genetic component to size in queens of the ant,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Formica truncorum</Emphasis>

The genetic basis of morphological traits in social insects remains largely unexplored. This is even true for individual body size, a key life-history trait. In the social insects, the size of reproductive individuals affects dispersal decisions, so that small size in queens is often associated with reduced dispersal, and large size with long-range dispersal and independent colony founding. Worker size is connected to division of labour when workers specialize in certain tasks according to their size. In many species, variation in worker size has been shown to increase colony performance. In this study, we present the first evidence of an additive genetic component to queen size in ants, using maternal half sib analysis. We also compared intra-colony size variation in colonies with high (queen doubly mated) versus low (queen singly mated) genetic variability. We found a high and significant heritability (h²=0.51) for queen size in one of the two study years, but not in the other. Size variation among queens was greater in colonies headed by a doubly mated queen in one of the study years, but not in the other. This indicates that genetic factors can influence queen size, but that environmental factors may override these under some circumstances. The heritability for worker size was low (h²=0.09) and non-significant. Increased genetic diversity did not increase worker size variation in the colonies. Worker size appeared largely environmentally determined, potentially allowing colonies to adjust worker size ratios to current conditions.Communicated by J. Heinze     

Benefits of large broods by higher chick survival and better territories in a precocial shorebird

When reproductive success is constant in one breeding phase, different tactics that increase variation in reproductive success among individuals may evolve in other phases. For instance, in shorebirds, which usually have a limited clutch size of four eggs, variation in reproductive tactics among individuals is expected either before egg-laying (e.g. diverse mating systems) or after hatching of the young (e.g. diverse parental care). In this paper, I studied the pied avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta), a shorebird with a modal clutch size of four eggs, to test whether post-hatch chick adoption as an alternative tactic can be linked to increased variation in annual reproductive success. When predation was high, naturally adopting pairs produced more filial fledglings than did pairs not adopting chicks and not losing chicks to adoption. The number of filial fledglings increased with the number of adopted young, possibly through diluting the chances of predation on filial young. Experimental chick addition did not lead to more fledged young due to low brood integrity as shown by the frequent loss of chicks from some experimental broods. When predation was low, larger broods occupied feeding territories with higher prey abundance than smaller broods, possibly due to their dominance over smaller ones. Pairs that lost chicks to adoption (donors) fledged as many filial young in their broods as did non-adopters/non-donors, whereas the total number of donors’ filial fledglings, including those raised in adopting broods, approached that of adopters. These findings show, for the first time, that post-hatch alternative reproductive tactics can lead to variation in annual reproductive success and to higher success for some pairs even in species where past adaptations limit variation in reproductive success in a certain phase of reproduction.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定植株中钙、镁的几种样品前处理方法的比较

本文比较了原子吸收分光光度法测定植株中钙、镁的三种样品前处理方法：干友化法、１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ振荡提取法（振荡法）和１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ静止浸泡提取法（浸泡法）．结果表明，振荡法和浸泡法对钙的测定结果平均分别为干灰化法的１０１％和９２．０％，对镁的测定结果平均分别为１０３％和９７．６％．振荡法和浸泡法与干灰化法之间不存在显著性差异（α＝０．０５），它们之间有极显著的正相关性（相关系数在０．９９以上）．因此，在大批量样品的常规分析中，１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ提取法可代替干灰化法．     

中小型燃煤陶瓷窑炉烟气治理技术

介绍了一种针对中小型燃煤陶瓷窑炉烟气的治理方案。该方案通过采用自成型型煤作燃料，多管旋风除尘器和湍流塔消烟除尘，采用双碱法及往吸收液中加入活性剂等措施，除去烟气中的粉尘，SOx,NOx等，进而达标排放。     

锅炉型煤质量的影响因素分析

分析了配煤组分、成型工艺条件、型料粒度等方面对工业型煤质量的影响，指标合理确定惰性组分含量、成型水分和型料粒度组成是型煤生产的关键，并对实际生产提供帮助。     

Mosaicism for trisomy 12: Four cases with varying outcomes

Trisomy 12 observed in chorionic villus sampling (CVS) may reflect generalized mosaicism or indicate mosaicism confined to only the placenta. In this report, four cases of trisomy 12 observed in CVS or cultured placental biopsies with varying outcomes are presented. Seven dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms for chromosome 12 were used to determine the chromosome 12 origins in the fetus or child and to delineate the mechanism(s) that gave rise to the trisomy. In two cases (cases A and C), the mosaicism was confined to the placenta, resulting in normal liveborns. Although, in one case, the molecular results suggested an apparent duplication of one paternal chromosome 12 in the placenta, normal biparental inheritance was found in the diploid fetal cell line in both cases. In two other cases (cases B and D), trisomy 12 was observed in both extraembryonic and fetal tissues. In one of these pregnancies, a child was born by Caesarean section at 37 weeks because of intrauterine growth retardation and oligohydramnios, and resulted in neonatal death. Molecular markers and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed low-level trisomy 12 mosaicism in the spleen. In the fourth case, fetal abnormalities were detected on ultrasound and low-level trisomy 12 mosaicism was observed in amniotic fluid cells using conventional cytogenetics and FISH. Molecular markers revealed a maternal meiosis I non-disjunction of chromosome 12 in DNA from a cultured placental biopsy. Although predicting the outcomes of pregnancies involving confined placental mosaicism remains difficult, molecular techniques are valuable tools for distinguishing uniparental from biparental disomy and mechanisms of mosaicism.     

近十年水中硫化物测定方法的进展

评述了１９８５～１９９６年间报道的水中硫化物方法概况，内容包括：水样的预处理方法，水样测定的分光光度法，电化学法，原子吸收光谱以及其他分析方法等。     

不同粒径污泥生物质炭对水体中Zn污染的吸附效应研究

为了探究3种不同粒径的污泥生物质炭(S1:大粒径 0.165 mm;S2:中粒径为0.025～0.165 mm;S3:小粒径0.025 mm)对Zn的吸附效率和固化稳定的机理,以此为污泥生物质炭在水污染控制方面的应用提供科学依据.利用实验室模拟法,研究不同反应时间、溶液初始pH和重金属浓度对生物炭吸附效果的影响,并运用四步萃取法分析生物炭上Zn的吸附形态.结果表明:①生物炭在4 h左右达到吸附平衡,吸附率呈先增加后平缓的趋势,最终吸附量S1S2S3;②溶液初始浓度为0～2 mmol·L~(-1)时Zn~(2+)的吸附量呈线性增长趋势,但随溶液浓度超过2 mmol·L~(-1)时吸附量开始趋于饱和;③3种不同粒径生物炭的水溶性组分Zn分别占总萃取量的1.70%、5.02%和7.47%,可交换态组分分别占25.27%、32.35%和27.29%,酸溶性组分分别占35.06%、38.63%和27.90%,非生物利用组分分别占37.97%、24.00%和37.34%.④污泥生物质炭的动力学吸附特征更符合准二级动力学吸附模型,单位质量的污泥生物质炭粒径越小吸附量越大;⑤污泥生物质炭的等温吸附特征更符合Langmuir模型,小粒径的生物质炭最大吸附量最优;⑥在酸性条件下随着pH的上升污泥生物质炭的吸附率在逐渐增加,碱性条件下吸附率的增加可能是形成锌的络合物沉淀导致的;⑦Zn的吸附形态以酸溶性和非生物利用态为主,水溶性占比较小.污泥生物质炭对Zn的吸附以化学吸附为主,S1吸附的Zn酸溶性组分和非生物利用组分占比最大,吸附效果较为稳定.     

不同粒度飞灰中16种微量元素的含量分布

研究了不同粒级的燃煤飞灰中的Ｂａ、Ｂｅ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｈｇ、Ｌｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｔｉ、Ｖ、Ｚｎ、Ｚｒ元素的含量分布,煤中元素的含量比及富集因子。     

基于精细化观测的沙尘通量分布特征

研究沙尘随高度的变化特征对揭示沙尘物质在近地层分布特征具有重要意义。为揭示0—80 m沙尘通量的垂直分布规律,在野外实测的基础上,选取2008年7月20日、8月7日、8月19日、8月29日4次沙尘天气,对贴地层（0—0.05 m）、中间层（0.05—2 m）、近地层（2—80 m）的沙尘通量进行对比分析。结果表明：贴地层（0—0.05 m）,沙尘通量随着高度的增高呈增加趋势,最大值为1604.29 g?mm^?2。中间层（0.05—2 m）,沙尘通量随高度分布的关系为幂函数关系,且随着高度的升高沙尘通量减小,决定系数R²值均在0.9以上。近地层（2—80 m）,沙尘通量随高度增加呈分段函数分布,32 m、48 m处为沙尘通量的拐点高度。由此看出,研究沙尘通量对阐明沙尘输送机制非常重要,不仅可加强对沙尘输送的定量研究,还可为沙尘输送的数值模拟提供重要参数。