基于流域管理的土地利用研究与应用

研究流域中的土地利用,目的是通过分析不同的土地利用方式对流域生态环境的影响,探讨流域中合理的土地利用方式,从而有效地指导流域管理的实施。本文从研究的主要内容、方法与技术手段以及土地利用在流域管理中的具体应用等方面分别加以阐述,探讨了土地利用研究在流域管理中的积极意义。在总结国内外流域内土地利用管理经验的基础上,提出了土地利用规划必须做到经济效益、生态效益与社会效益三者统一,流域土地利用规划可以在遵循基本步骤的原则下,大胆借鉴外国成功经验,结合我国流域的特点,切实地做到流域资源的可持续发展。     

青藏高原典型流域土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

青藏高原属于环境极端脆弱区和人类活动敏感区,近年来在该区域检测到越来越多的人为干扰.本研究基于甘南"一江三河"和西藏"一江两河"两个流域,分析了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb这7种重金属的空间分布关系及其生态风险.结果表明,甘南"一江三河"流域7种重金属的空间分布呈东部高西部低的特点,平均含量均超过青藏高原背景值,以Cd （4.50倍）和As （2.83倍）较显著,Cd和Pb的高值主要分布在水域、城镇及农村居民用地和工交建设用地;西藏"一江两河"流域7种重金属的空间分布呈沿江一线重金属含量较低、高海拔地区重金属含量较高的特点,Ni、Zn、As和Cd的平均含量超过青藏高原背景值,以Cd （3.13倍）较显著,Cd的高值主要分布在水域覆盖区.地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法表明,在甘南"一江三河"流域以As和Cd的污染程度较高,且在水域覆盖区潜在生态风险最高;西藏"一江两河"流域以Cd的污染程度较高,水域覆盖区潜在生态风险最高.本研究对青藏高原不同土地利用方式下土壤环境保护和可持续开发利用具有指导意义.     

湖南省某典型流域农用地土壤重金属污染及影响因素

农田土壤环境直接关系到农产品质量安全,是维系“菜篮子”工程、保障“吃的放心”的重要基础,近年来受到广泛关注.为探明农田土壤重金属污染分布特征及主要影响因子,以污染问题突出、地势起伏较大、水网密布的我国湖南省某典型流域为研究区,以流域主干河流沿线的农田土壤为研究对象,借助单因子指数、内梅罗指数和潜在生态危害指数,综合评价土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr这5种重金属的污染状况;结合多元统计分析与地统计分析的方法,分析土地利用类型、地形因子与重金属含量的关系,并对土壤重金属空间分布和污染来源进行探究.结果表明:①研究区土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr的平均含量分别为1.59、0.19、33.01、229.95、72.78 mg/kg.其中,Cd、As、Pb的平均含量均超过研究区土壤背景值.②内梅罗指数分析显示,研究区中77.16%的土壤点位评价结果为重度污染;与GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》中农用地土壤污染风险管制值相比,土壤点位中Cd、As、Pb超标现象突出,主要分布于流域上游西部;综合潜在生态危害评价结果表明,3.05%的土壤点位表现为强生态风险及以上.③不同土地利用类型中,土壤重金属含量存在显著差异.旱地、水田、果园土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb的含量依次降低.高程与各重金属（除Hg外）含量均呈显著相关（P < 0.05）,坡度、坡向与各重金属含量的相关性均不显著（P < 0.05）.④源解析结果表明,流域农田土壤中Cd、As、Pb受到工业生产活动、交通运输、农业活动的综合影响,Hg、Cr主要来源于成土母质等自然因素.研究显示,研究区土壤中重金属存在一定程度的污染,重金属富集受土地利用类型、高程及人为因素的影响较明显.      

青藏高原东缘三江流域生态功能区建设的措施与影响

三江流域生态环境极度脆弱,严重威胁着中下游地区的社会安全和经济发展。随着西部开发和生态建设的推进,尤其是本地区“香格里拉”旅游热潮的兴起,三江流域已经成为西部开发的重要地区。通过三江流域的生态环境功能区的界定和划分,科学制定研究区的生态环境建设目标,并进行生态环境质量的动态监测和退化过程的预警报,从而在宏观上实现生态环境质量动态管理;通过退化生态系统的恢复重建模式的研究,特别是功能区的建设示范,把目前的生态恢复工程提高到一个新的水平;为保护生物多样性资源,实现区域生态、经济、社会可持续发展提供理论支撑。     

FLOW ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDE DAMMED LAKE WATERSHEDS: A CASE STUDY1

Abstract: The Chi-Chi earthquake, which occurred on September 21, 1999, and had a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale, resulted in an extensive landslide that blocked the Ching-Shui Creek in Taiwan, forming a large lake with a storage volume of 40 million m³. This paper describes an analytical procedure used to perform flow analysis of the Tsao-Ling watershed, which includes the new landslide dammed lake. In this study, a digital elevation model was applied to obtain the watershed geomorphic factors and stage-area storage function of the landslide dammed lake. Satellite images were used to identify the landslide area and the land cover change that occurred as a result of the earthquake. Two topography-based runoff models were applied for long term and short term streamflow analyses of the watershed because the watershed upstream of the landslide dam was ungauged. The simulated daily flow and storm runoff were verified using limited available measured data in the watershed, and good agreement was obtained. The proposed analytical procedure for flow analysis is considered promising for application to other landslide dammed lake watersheds.     

WATERSHED SCALE INVENTORY OF EXISTING RIPARIAN BUFFERS IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI USING GIS1

An observational study was conducted at the watershed scale using land cover (vegetation) data to assess the absence or presence of riparian buffers in three northeastern Missouri watersheds. Forests and grasslands lying within a 61 m (200 ft) parallel band directly adjacent to streams were considered “buffers” for improving or protecting water quality and were characterized according to their length, width, and vegetation type. Results indicated that riparian buffers were abundant throughout the watersheds but were typically narrow along first‐order and second‐order streams; in many cases they may not have been wide enough to provide adequate stream protection. At least 90 percent of all streams had buffer vegetation immediately adjacent to the streambanks, but as few as 31 percent of first‐order streams had buffers extending to 61 m from the stream on at least one side. On‐site evaluations are needed to determine the condition of these forests and grasslands and their ability to process nonpoint source pollutants. The results will be useful for providing natural resource managers with knowledge of current watershed conditions as well as in identifying specific locations for future conservation efforts within each watershed.     

HABITAT AND FISH RESPONSES TO MULTIPLE AGRICULTURAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN A WARM WATER STREAM1

ABSTRACT: Thirteen years of annual habitat and fish sampling were used to evaluate the response of a small warm water stream in eastern Wisconsin to agricultural best management practices (BMPs). Stream physical habitat and fish communities were sampled in multiple reference and treatment stations before, during, and after upland and riparian BMP implementation in the Otter Creek subwatershed of the Sheboygan River watershed. Habitat and fish community measures varied substantially among years, and varied more at stations that had low habitat diversity, reinforcing the notion that the detection of stream responses to BMP implementation requires long term sampling. Best management practices increased substrate size; reduced sediment depth, embeddedness, and bank erosion; and improved overall habitat quality at stations where a natural vegetative buffer existed or streambank fencing was installed as a riparian BMP. There were lesser improvements at locations where only upland BMPs were implemented. Despite the habitat changes, we could not detect significant improvements in fish communities. It is speculated that the species needed to improve the fish community, mainly pollution intolerant species, suckers (Castomidae), and darters (Percidae), had been largely eliminated from the Sheboygan River watershed by broadscale agricultural nonpoint source pollution and could not colonize Otter Creek, even though habitat conditions may have been suitable.     

ESTIMATING WATER BUDGET IN A REGIONAL AQUIFER USING HSPF‐MODFLOW INTEGRATED MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Integrated water resources management is important, especially in watersheds where substantial interactions exist between the ground and surface water sources. This management warrants the need for reliable estimates of both an overall basin water budget and hydrologic fluctuations between ground water and surface water sources. The objectives of this study were to estimate the total water budget and to simulate the effects of the management of water in the Big Lost River Basin in Idaho. The study used the FIPR Hydrological Model (FHM), a hydrological model developed by the University of South Florida for the Florida Institute of Phosphate Research (FIPR). The FHM is an integrated model that simulates the full water budget of the surface and ground water systems. It has two public domain components: Hydrological Simulation Program ‐ FORTRAN (HSPF) and Modular Three‐Dimensional Finite‐Difference Ground Water Flow Model (MODFLOW). This study quantified the hydrologic fluxes between ground water and surface water and determined a comprehensive and accurate water budget for the Big Lost River. The study showed an annual amount of 10.44 m3/sec leaves the basin and never to return to the system. The study is useful in developing and calculating the annual water budget in the Big Lost River, and this process should be applicable to estimating water budgets in other basins.     

EVALUATING HSPF IN AN ARID,URBANIZED WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: The Hydrologic Simulation Program‐FORTRAN (HSPF) is a powerful time variable hydrologic model that has rarely been applied in arid environments. Here, the performance of HSPF in southern California was assessed, testing its ability to predict annual volume, daily average flow, and hourly flow. The model was parameterized with eight land use categories and physical watershed characteristics. It was calibrated using rainfall and measured flow over a five‐year period in a predominantly undeveloped watershed and it was validated using a subsequent 4‐year period. The process was repeated in a separate, predominantly urbanized watershed over the same time span. Annual volume predictions correlated well with measured flow in both the undeveloped and developed watersheds. Daily flow predictions correlated well with measured flow following rain events, but predictions were poor during extended dry weather periods in the developed watershed. This modeling difficulty during dry‐weather periods reflects the large influence of, and the poor accounting in the model for, artificially introduced water from human activities, such as landscape overwatering, that can be important sources of water in urbanized arid environments. Hourly flow predictions mistimed peak flows, reflecting spatial and temporal heterogeneity of rainfall within the watershed. Model correlation increased considerably when predictions were averaged over longer time periods, reaching an asymptote after an 11‐hour averaging window.     

PATTERNS OF WATERSHED URBANIZATION AND IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Urban runoff contributes to nonpoint source pollution, but there is little understanding of the way that pattern and extent of urbanization contributes to this problem. Indicators of type and density of urbanization and access to municipal services were examined in six urban watersheds in Durham, North Carolina. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify patterns in the distribution of these variables across the urban landscape. While spatial variation in urban environments is not perfectly captured by any one variable, the results suggest that most of the variation can be explained using several variables related to the extent and distribution of urban development. Multiple linear regression models were fit to relate these urbanization indicators to total phosphorus, total kjeldahl nitrogen, total suspended solids, and fecal coliforms. Development density was correlated to decreased water quality in each of the models. Indicators of urbanization type such as the house age, amount of contiguous impervious surface, and stormwater connectivity explained additional variation. In the nutrient models, access to city services was also an important factor. The results indicate that while urbanization density is important in predicting water quality, indicators of urbanization type and access to city services help explain additional variation in the models.