构建适应新国土空间规划的流域空间管控体系

优化空间格局、强化空间管控是我国新时期生态环境保护及资源开发利用顶层设计的一项重要战略任务。近年来,《生态文明体制改革总体方案》《关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见》等一系列文件,明确提出在国土空间规划中强化生态文明建设理念传导、落实多规合一、突出用途管制等重大调整。流域水生态环境空间管控体系亟须转型,适应国土空间规划体系改革调整等带来的新形势、新要求。本文在详细梳理流域水生态环境空间管控体系演变历程的基础上,深入分析新时期形势和要求,进一步扩充完善了原有体系：创新水功能区、控制单元的功能定位,突出流域完整性与系统性,初步提出了包含全国—流域—水功能区—控制单元—行政区划的空间分区构想;细化设计了统筹水资源、水生态、水环境的目标指标体系;明确了突出功能用途的生态环境管控措施和责任落实体系,为下一步流域水生态环境空间管理政策顶层设计提供决策参考。     

黄土高原沟壑区森林和草地小流域水文行为的比较研究

分析了黄土高原沟壑区森林小流域和自然草地小流域的水文效应,并利用实测资料和模型计算结果比较了两流域的水循环特点,结果发现在郁闭度相同的情况下,森林小流域较自然草地小流域有较小的径流量、较大的蒸散量和较低的３ｍ土层平均含水量,也就是说森林的覆盖增强了水分小循环,削弱了水文大循环,并导致土壤含水量降低。同时也发现森林的上述水文效应仅当其郁闭度达到一定程度时才能表现出来。通过比较两类生态系统植物生长的土壤水分环境条件和水分利用率,认为黄土高原沟壑区在大力发展林业时应以沟谷为主     

秦淮河流域句容水库农业流域水体沉积物的反硝化作用

2007年5、8、11月和2008年2月,在秦淮河流域句容水库农业流域的河流和水库中,采用自行设计制作的无扰动采样器采集了沉积物柱样,使用乙炔抑制法进行培养试验,并测定了沉积物上覆水的温度(T)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)和总溶解性氮(TDN)的浓度,以及沉积物有机质(OM)和全氮(TN)含量,研究了沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化及其影响因素.结果显示,水体沉积物反硝化潜势存在显著的季节差异,河流沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在8.85～64.04pμg·m-2·h-1之间、水库沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在5.01～28.18μg·m-2·h-1之间.沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化与上覆水的温度、NH4+-N、NO-3-N和TDN的浓度,及沉积物的OM和TN含量的季节变化有关.     

An improved ion-exchange/diffusion method for ～(15)N isotope tracing analysis of nitrate in surface waters from watersheds

An improved method,suitable for collecting nitrate from surface waters in the watershed for 15 N isotope tracing analysis,was developed on the basis of the anion exchange coupled with diffusion through systematic simulation and comparison experiments.The results showed that the nitrate could be separated and enriched from the waters efficiently by using the improved method.Being simple and practical in operation principle and procedures,cost-economic,and highly efficient in nitrate separation/enrichment,the method met the requirements of δ 15 N mass spectrum analysis and would lay a foundation for the application of 15 N isotope tracing approach to the research on non-point source pollution in watershed.     

Issues and impacts of Redwood National Park expansion

In 1968, Redwood National Park was created in an atmosphere of controversy and compromise to preserve remnants of the coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) ecosystems and the streams and seashores with which they are associated. The 1968 boundary included the lower portions of several watersheds in the park, which meant that potential impacts from upstream, privately owned lands might occur. Between 1968 and 1978, controversy continued between preservation and forest industry interests over the impacts of harvesting old growth timber upslope and upstream from the park. In 1978, the southern portion of the park around Redwood Creek was expanded by 48,000 acres, moving the boundary from a narrow, one-half mile riparian corridor to ridgelines, but still leaving two-thirds of the total watershed outside of the park. The park expansion has generated biological and social impacts and opportunities. Meeting the objectives of the 1978 legislation will require close coordination between federal and state government and local communities.     

Modeling the relationship between land use and surface water quality

It is widely known that watershed hydrology is dependent on many factors, including land use, climate, and soil conditions. But the relative impacts of different types of land use on the surface water are yet to be ascertained and quantified. This research attempted to use a comprehensive approach to examine the hydrologic effects of land use at both a regional and a local scale. Statistical and spatial analyses were employed to examine the statistical and spatial relationships of land use and the flow and water quality in receiving waters on a regional scale in the State of Ohio. Besides, a widely accepted watershed-based water quality assessment tool, the Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS), was adopted to model the plausible effects of land use on water quality in a local watershed in the East Fork Little Miami River Basin. The results from the statistical analyses revealed that there was a significant relationship between land use and in-stream water quality, especially for nitrogen, phosphorus and Fecal coliform. The geographic information systems (GIS) spatial analyses identified the watersheds that have high levels of contaminants and percentages of agricultural and urban lands. Furthermore, the hydrologic and water quality modeling showed that agricultural and impervious urban lands produced a much higher level of nitrogen and phosphorus than other land surfaces. From this research, it seems that the approach adopted in this study is comprehensive, covering both the regional and local scales. It also reveals that BASINS is a very useful and reliable tool, capable of characterizing the flow and water quality conditions for the study area under different watershed scales. With little modification, these models should be able to adapt to other watersheds or to simulate other contaminants. They also can be used to study the plausible impacts of global environmental change. In addition, the information on the hydrologic effects of land use is very useful. It can provide guidelines not only for resource managers in restoring our aquatic ecosystems, but also for local planners in devising viable and ecologically-sound watershed development plans, as well as for policy makers in evaluating alternate land management decisions.     

Identification of anthropogenic influences on water quality of rivers in Taihu watershed

Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 rivers in the Taihu watershed. Concentrations of physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at the mouth of each river during the period of 2000-2004. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied rivers. The results showed that rivers strongly influenced by household wastewater have the highest concentrations of nutrients （TN and TP）. Moreover, rivers in the vicinity of a metropolis presented low dissolved oxygen （DO） levels. However, organic-chemical pollution （petroleum and volatile phenolics） was identified with high localization. Two rivers influenced by sewage from industry and ships were distinguished from other rivers with high values of petroleum. The Taige channel, a river located in Changzhou City that is strongly influenced by wastewater from industry, was characterized with an extraordinarily high value of volatile phenolics. Rivers passing through countries, especially through hilly countries were characterized with high DO contents and low nutrient and organic-chemical pollution, suggesting that agriculture puts less pressure on water quality in adjacent rivers. Therefore, more effort should be made in controlling point pollution to restore water quality in rivers adjacent to cities.     

流域环境系统不确定性多目标规划方法及应用——不确定性模糊多目标规划模型

提出一种新的不确定性模糊多目标规划（IFMOP）模型。该模型将不确定性信息直接引入优化过程,从而得到以区间数表示的优化解;在模型优化解的解译过程中,将各个变量在区间内进行适当组合就能得到各种决策方案;模型能够与决策者直接进行交互,充分考虑决策者的反馈意见,以便获得最终满意的决策方案。该模型计算方便,其求解过程中不会生成复杂的中间模型。该模型已被成功地应用于云南洱海流域可持续发展环境规划研究     

潮河流域降雨径流事件污染物输出特征

在半干旱半湿润地区,非点源养分污染的发生主要由降水径流事件驱动,伴随这些短暂脉冲事件流失的养分量决定着一年总的污染排放负荷,因此研究汛期降雨径流事件下水体污染动态特征是半干旱半湿润地区污染负荷模拟及控制的关键.以北京市密云水库上游的潮河流域为研究区域,2018年和2019年汛期进行古北口站和下会站的降雨径流过程水质水量同步监测.结果表明：①监测的3场降雨事件（E1、E2和E3）中,E1的降雨量和强度最大,相应的流量和污染物浓度最高;②不同降雨事件下,污染物浓度及其变化不同.大暴雨事件和暴雨事件（E1、E3）下,总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝氮（NO₃^--N）、总磷（TP）和悬浮物（TSS）的浓度与流量变化过程相似;大雨事件下（E2）,总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总磷（TP）和悬浮物（TSS）的浓度与流量变化过程相似,硝氮（NO₃^--N）浓度变化与流量相反;③不同降雨事件下,不同形态污染物浓度及其变化不同.降雨侵蚀强烈（E1、E2）,颗粒态污染物浓度变化明显,与悬浮物（TSS）呈显著正相关关系;降雨未引起土壤侵蚀（E3）,氮磷形态以溶解态氮（TDN）和溶解态磷（TDP）为主,浓度变化主要与流量有关;④不同降雨事件下,不同站点的流量和污染物浓度不同.强降雨侵蚀事件在古北口表现更明显,引起流量和总磷（TP）、悬浮物（TSS）的变化幅度更大.以上结果可以用来确定降雨事件引发的非点源污染物输出特征,为该地区的汛期水质预测与控制提供参考.     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤NO3--N的积累特征及其影响因素

以小流域为单元,分析了黄土高原沟壑区化肥投入、土壤NO₃^--N积累及其影响因素。结果表明,化肥投入是流域土地利用结构调整的重要支撑和保证因素,而流域土地利用结构的变化进一步拉动了化肥的投入。目前施肥条件下,流域内坡地果园存在显著的NO₃^--N积累,其积累量高于农田土壤,应作为今后重点监测对象。农田系统中,小麦或玉米连作土壤中NO₃^--N的积累最显著,通过作物之间的轮作可显著降低剖面中NO₃^--N的深层积累。土壤NO₃^--N的积累是小流域治理过程中产生的问题,与流域氮肥投入、氮肥吸收利用和土壤水分演变密切相关。