农村小流域景观结构与水质耦合关系分析——以仪征市陈集镇为例

选择江苏省仪征市陈集镇2个典型的农村小流域进行水质监测和景观空间分异耦合关系研究,结果表明:不同地势区景观结构差异明显,水环境特征也有较大差别。随着地势的降低,总氮、总磷浓度在小徐庄流域呈降低趋势,而高塘流域则先升高后降低;总磷、总氮、氨氮、硝态氮浓度与源景观比例、沟渠密度和景观多样性指数具有良好的相关关系,逐步回归分析发现,94%的总氮浓度由源景观比例和沟渠密度决定,80%以上的氨氮和硝态氮浓度由源景观比例决定。因此,可以通过对流域景观结构的优化调整,达到对流域景观中养分的有效管理,实现对农业非点源污染的控制。     

跨界流域污染防治:基于合作博弈的视角

随着经济的高速发展,跨界流域污染问题在我国越发严重起来.从国外解决跨界流域污染的实践经验来看,各个地区采取合作治理污染物的方式防治跨界流域污染,是解决跨界流域污染问题比较经济可行的方式.从国内外众多研究来看,现有研究仅限于利用博弈理论分析完全合作情况下的收益分配问题,并没有对收益分配后,各合作者所形成的合作是否稳定、收益分配是否公平进行讨论与深入分析.论文以此为切入点,利用跨界流域污染合作治理思路,以河南省贾鲁河流域的4 个地区为实证研究对象进行了实证分析.从博弈理论的角度详细地分析了各个地区进行合作防治跨界流域污染的思路、方式,并对各个地区之间进行合作治理污染物时的稳定性进行了讨论.研究结果显示,在进行合作治理污染物时,不同地区的边际污染物减排成本差异是各个地区能否进行合作防治跨界流域污染的关键,并且不同的收益/成本分担机制对不同地区长期、稳定地开展合作治理污染物也有较大的影响.     

密云水库小流域土地利用方式与氮磷流失规律

在密云水库石匣小流域对农田、林果地、荒草坡、村庄等4种不同类型的非点源污染发生区,进行降雨、径流量、径流水质同步监测,分析不同土地利用类型小区地表径流和泥沙中氮磷污染物的流失情况.结果表明,径流中总磷的浓度以村庄最高,其次为坡耕地、林果地和荒草坡.村庄径流的溶解态磷浓度为荒草坡径流的10倍.不同地表径流中的溶解态氮浓度的差别较大,村庄最高,其次是耕地、荒草坡、林果地.在降雨初期,随着径流量的增大,径流中总氮的浓度迅速降低,呈线性递减;此后随着径流的减少,总氮的浓度下降速度极其缓慢.不同土地利用类型中吸附态磷占总磷的比重都在90%以上,与泥沙结合的吸附态磷的浓度远大于溶解态磷的浓度,吸附态磷是磷流失的主要形态.      

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INDIANA WATERSHEDS TO HERBICIDE CONTAMINATION1

ABSTRACT: An index of watershed susceptibility to surface water contamination by herbicides could be used to improve source water assessments for public drinking water supplies, prioritize watershed restoration projects, and direct funding and educational efforts to areas where the greatest environmental benefit can be realized. The goal of this study is to use streamflow and herbicide concentration data to develop and evaluate a method for estimating comparative watershed susceptibility to herbicide loss. United States Geological Survey (USGS) concentration data for five relatively water soluble herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and simazine) were analyzed for 16 Indiana watersheds. Correlation was assessed between observed herbicide losses and: (1) a herbicide runoff index using GIS‐based land use, soil type, SCS runoff curve number, tillage practice, herbicide use estimates, and combinations of these factors; and (2) predicted herbicide losses from a non‐point source pollution model (NAPRA‐Web, an Internet‐based interface for GLEAMS). The highest adjusted R²value was found between herbicide concentration and the runoff curve number alone, ranging from 0.25 to 0.56. Predictions from the simulation model showed a poorer correlation with observed herbicide loss. This indicates potential for using the runoff curve number as a simple herbicide contamination susceptibility index.     

PROTECTING BEIJLNG'S MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY THROUGH WATERSHED MANAGEMEN AN ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Watersheds above the Miyun reservoir, a principal source of surface water for Beijing, are designated to be managed for water production, but under the principle of multiple use. Because of the scarcity of arable land, these watersheds cannot be managed only for drinking water. Efforts are under way to reduce sediment delivery, improve the quality of water entering Miyun reservoir, and improve the welfare of watershed inhabitants. An economic appraisal of a watershed management project for the 3,298‐ha Shixia watershed above the Miyun reservoir, indicates a 24 percent economic rate of return on the investment made in the project. The net present value (NPV) of the project, calculated at a discount rate of 10 percent, is approximately US$3.49 million. Sensitivity analyses indicate that a doubling of labor costs lowers the NPV to US$2.07 million and a 10 percent decrease in benefits lowered the NPV to US$2.87. It is concluded that the implementation of conservation practices on the Shixia Demonstration Watershed represent an economically efficient use of resources.     

EFFECTS OF SCALE ON LAND USE AND WATER QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS: A LONGITUDINAL BASIN‐WIDE PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: Human land use is a major source of change in catchments in developing areas. To better anticipate the long‐term effects of growth, land use planning requires estimates of how changes in land use will affect ecosystem processes and patterns across multiple scales of space and time. The complexity of biogeochemical and hydrologic interactions within a basin makes it difficult to scale up from process‐based studies of individual reaches to watershed scales over multiple decades. Empirical models relating land use/land cover (LULC) to water quality can be useful in long‐term planning, but require an understanding of the effects of scale on apparent land use‐water quality relationships. We empirically determined how apparent relationships between water quality and LULC data change at different scales, using LIJLC data from the Willapa Bay watershed (Washington) and water quality data collected along the Willapa and North Rivers. Spatial scales examined ranged from the local riparian scale to total upstream catchment. The strength of the correlations between LTJLC data and longitudinal water quality trends varied with scale. Different water quality parameters also varied in their response to changes in scale. Intermediate scales of land use data generally were better predictors than local riparian or total catchment scales. Additional data from the stream network did not increase the strength of relationships significantly. Because of the likelihood of scale‐induced artifacts, studies quantifying land use‐water quality relationships performed at single scales should be viewed with great caution.     

RELATION BETWEEN FISH COMMUNITIES AND RIPARIAN ZONE CONDITIONS AT TWO SPATIAL SCALES1

ABSTRACT: The relation offish community composition to riparian cover at two spatial scales was compared at 18 streams in the agricultural Minnesota River Basin. The two spatial scales were: (1) local riparian zone (a 200 meter wide buffer extending 2 to 3 kilometers upstream of the sampling reach); and (2) the upstream riparian zone (a 200 m wide buffer on the mainstem and all perennial tributaries upstream of the sampling reach). Analysis of variance indicated that streams with wooded‐local riparian zones had greater fish species richness (means = 20 and 15, respectively) and Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores (means = 40 and 26, respectively) than streams with open‐local riparian zones. Streams with wooded‐upstream riparian zones tended (were not statistically significant) to have greater numbers of species (means = 19 and 15, respectively) and IBI scores (means = 33 and 28, respectively) than streams with open‐upstream riparian zones. There was no significant interaction between the riparian zone conditions at the two scales. This study suggests that maintenance of wooded riparian cover along streams could be effective in maintaining or improving fish community composition in streams draining heavily agricultural areas.     

澜沧江流域云南段土地利用格局变化及环境影响分析

应用1986与2000年TM遥感影像解译生成的澜沧江流域云南段土地利用现状图,在ArcGIS 8.3软件的支持下,进行图形叠加、空间分析和数据统计分析,获取该流域1986-2000年土地利用格局变化图和面积转换矩阵,揭示了该流域1986和2000年土地利用与土地覆被的空间分布规律及14年来的变化特征,并对澜沧江流域云南段14年来土地利用变化对环境产生的影响进行分析.结果表明,澜沧江流域云南段土地利用格局的变化引发了流域水土流失、生物多样性降低、景观破碎化等一系列环境问题.      

滇池河流降雨径流资源利用的技术途径

根据城市污水土地处理慢速渗滤等工艺的去除率BOD₅和COD_Cr分别为84.3%和82.5%,TP、KN和NH_3-N分别为94.9%、85.8%和89.4%,SS也高达58.4%。保证这类生态工程终年稳定运行的核心问题是:处理出水水质稳定和处理水量的稳定。影响稳定的主要因素有作物非用水季节(收获和栽种)的水量调节系统、雨季稳定运行和高去除率的处理工艺、适应慢速土地处理的气候和土壤等环境条件以及水量平衡调节与管理的有效保证。集水区域内实行分区管理的截流和改善下垫面排水调控能力的水利工程,配合使用灌溉型慢速土地处理(SR)或植物生长淹没床(VSB)湿地资源化利用与处理系统等生态工程处理工艺,是实现降雨径流资源化利用的主要技术保证。     

根溪河小流域的崩岗特征及其治理措施

长汀县河田镇根溪河小流域是福建水土流失最严重的地区之一，存在不同程度的崩岗131个。分析了河田根溪河小流域崩岗的形态特征、发育阶段和活动情况。研究表明，崩岗的形成和发展与深厚的花岗岩风化壳、土壤特性、植被覆盖、小气候条件及人类活动等密切相关。提出了崩岗治理的基本思路和治理措施。经治理后沟道和坡面的植被覆盖率由原来的26％和28％分别提高到68％和76％；土壤侵蚀模数下降至3175t／km^2a，与未治理的崩岗相比降低了89．6％。