特种设备使用单位风险评价指标体系构建研究

从人、机、环、管4个方面系统分析了我国特种设备在使用过程中可能存在的风险因素,并根据风险因素设置了相应的指标体系,为特种设备使用单位的风险评价及分类监管奠定基础。     

石油化工装置火灾灭火救援力量需求计算模型

消防用水流量的确定是灭火救援力量需求分析的关键,也是准确调集力量到达火灾现场实施灭火救援的前提和基础。针对《石油化工企业设计防火规范》(GB50160-2008)对石油化工装置消防用水流量的规定存在比较宽泛和模糊的问题,借鉴国外的一般做法,通过分析化工工艺装置的火灾危险性,确定石油化工装置的火灾爆炸危险性等级;再根据火灾爆炸危险性等级和装置的规模,分级确定石油化工装置一次灭火的消防用水流量;进而建立了一种基于火灾爆炸危险性分析的石油化工装置灭火救援力量需求计算模型。该模型的建立为科学准确地调集石油化工装置火灾灭火救援力量提供了重要决策依据。     

Elemental Conservation Units: Communicating Extinction Risk without Dictating Targets for Protection

Abstract:  Conservation biologists mostly agree on the need to identify and protect biodiversity below the species level but have not yet resolved the best approach. We addressed 2 issues relevant to this debate. First, we distinguished between the abstract goal of preserving the maximum amount of unique biodiversity and the pragmatic goal of minimizing the loss of ecological goods and services given that further loss of biodiversity seems inevitable. Second, we distinguished between the scientific task of assessing extinction risk and the normative task of choosing targets for protection. We propose that scientific advice on extinction risk be given at the smallest meaningful scale: the elemental conservation unit (ECU). An ECU is a demographically isolated population whose probability of extinction over the time scale of interest (say 100 years) is not substantially affected by natural immigration from other populations. Within this time frame, the loss of an ECU would be irreversible without human intervention. Society's decision to protect an ECU ought to reflect human values that have social, economic, and political dimensions. Scientists can best inform this decision by providing advice about the probability that an ECU will be lost and the ecological and evolutionary consequences of that loss in a form that can be integrated into landscape planning. The ECU approach provides maximum flexibility to decision makers and ensures that the scientific task of assessing extinction risk informs, but remains distinct from, the normative social challenge of setting conservation targets.     

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: The Functional Unit in the Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Degreasing Processes in the Metal-Processing Industry

1 and C₂ hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, dichloromethane). Measures aiming at the reduction of toxic emissions and ozone depletion potential (ODP) may possibly lead to a shift of environmental impacts towards higher energy consumption, emission of waste water, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) with photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP). The present article concerns itself with a life cycle assessment of the three main degreasing processes in order to compare their integral environmental impacts with one another. This is supplemented by presenting the methodology of the life cycle inventory life cycle inventory analysis (LCI). Generally, the applicability of the established LCI method can be shown quite clearly. However, some difficulties arise, especially at the stage of the goal definition, as the use of the process and the functional unit cannot be pinned down as easily and neatly as for most other products. The definition of the use of the process and the functional unit is not as straightforward as for most products. Among the potential functional units identified are the mass of removed impurities, cleaning time, cleaning work, percentage of purity, throughput of parts, loads, mass or surface and virtual coefficients. The mass of removed impurities turned out to be the most suitable parameter for measuring the technical performance of degreasing processes. The article discusses background, purpose, scope, system boundaries, target group, process tree and representativeness of the present study.     

人工湿地污水处理系统中构建天然蛭石缓冲单元可行性研究

为提高人工湿地污水处理的冬季处理效果,建议在人工湿地处理系统中构建缓冲单元,并将天然蛭石作为缓冲单元的主体填料.结果表明:在水力负荷为1.4 m3/(m2·d)和蛭石层填充高度≥60 cm的条件下,对于经初沉处理的生活污水(COD值为150-350 mg/L,NH4 -N为10-30 mg/L,TP为1.0-1.5 mg/L),无植物天然蛭石缓冲单元至少可在45 d内保持其出水各项水质指标达到一级排放标准,从而可基本满足人工湿地在植物换季时期的处理需要.另外,适当增加系统含氧量和蛭石用量可提高体系缓冲性能.     

溴化锂吸收式制冷机组制冷量下降原因与修复

介绍了175Z型溴化锂吸收式制冷机工作原理,针对溴化锂吸收式制冷机出现冷媒水进出水温逐渐减小,制冷量降低等现状,通过检查及对各路介质化验分析,找出并解决了溴化锂吸收式制冷机组制冷量下降的问题,并总结了故障修复及防范措施.     

一种分析城市代谢系统互动关系的方法

提出一种集成了能值分析和生态网络分析,研究城市代谢系统组分间互动关系的方法.基于城市复合生态系统和城市代谢的基本原理,在确定城市系统代谢单元和代谢环节的基础上,采用提出的方法,分析了城市代谢单元之间掠夺、限制和共生的关系.最后,以中国北京、上海、天津、重庆、广州和深圳6大城市为例进行了实证研究.结果表明,天津、重庆、广州市社会经济子系统对自然生态子系统存在着掠夺关系;北京、上海和深圳市自然生态子系统对社会经济子系统存在着限制关系;实现城市代谢系统良性运行的前提在于调控代谢单元间的互动关系,促进城市代谢单元间的协调共生.     

大型储油罐浮舱检查器的研制

介绍了研制开发的油罐浮舱检查器的结构及试验情况,试验表明采用油罐浮舱检查器进行大型储油罐的浮舱检查,既提高了工作效率,又可避免人员中毒等事故的发生。     

为环境而设计(DfE)在发达国家的研究与应用

目前为环境而设计越来越受到研究人员和设计人员的关注,这种设计涉及产品生命周期各个阶段的环境影响,并在设计阶段寻求改进以实现从源头上预防的目的,许多发达国家正在推动为环境而设计的发展.本文重点介绍了为环境而设计在欧洲、美国、日本等发达国家的研究与具体应用,探讨了为环境而设计存在的不足之处,并指出我国应引人为环境而设计,以...     

不锈钢在聚甲醛装置模拟介质中的腐蚀行为

目的筛选更为先进的聚甲醛装置升级改造用钢,研究316L,904L和2507不锈钢在聚甲醛装置模拟介质中的腐蚀行为。方法在模拟介质中对这三种不锈钢进行全浸试验,利用动电位极化技术测定它们的点蚀电位,并观察、分析腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物。结果模拟介质中,316L不锈钢发生点腐蚀和成分选择性腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要为Fe-Cr铁素体相和Fe2O3赤铁矿相。结论904L不锈钢的腐蚀速率和点蚀敏感性均明显优于316L不锈钢,选用904L不锈钢将有助于提升聚甲醛装置的耐腐蚀性能。