五管发酵测定总大肠菌群的研究

通过实验，摸索出测定总大肠菌群的一种五管发酵法。该方法下限为9个／L，适用于水源水，地表水和废水。     

Experimental study on microalgae cultivation in novel photobioreactor of concentric double tubes with aeration pores along tube length direction

Microalgae have been identified as a superior feedstock for biodiesel production and varied tubular photobioreactors are developed for high efficient and scale-up microalgae cultivation. This article presented a novel concentric double tubes using aeration through radial pores along the length direction of inner tube. Experiments on microalgae cultivation were carried out in the novel photobioreactor, and two control groups including concentric double tubes with axial aeration at both ends and common tubular. The biomass productivity of novel photobioreactor increased by 43.6% and 107.4%, respectively, compared with concentric double tubes with axial aeration at both ends and common tubular without aeration. The values of pH shifted from 7.5 to 9.0 for novel photobioreactor, but 7.5 to 8.8 for common tubular, and 7.5 to 9.6 for concentric double tubes with axial aeration. The dissolved oxygen concentration fluctuated between 6.0 and 7.0 mg·L^?1 for novel photobioreactor, but rose from 6.6 to 10.2 mg·L^?1 for the common tubular, and 6.9 to 8.1 mg·L^?1 for the concentric with axial aeration. Results show that the aeration style of novel photobioreactor can make efficient local mixing and maintain smaller range of pH and lower level of dissolved oxygen in case of higher biomass concentration. Moreover, compared with the two control groups, the novel concentric double tubes have advantages on the light/dark cycle frequency, which may be benefit for microalgae cultivation. The novel concentric double tubes presented in this work can give some inspiration for high efficiency microalgae cultivation.     

Standardizing the Methodology of Sperm Cell Test with Paracentrotus Lividus

The sperm cell toxicity test with Paracentrotus lividus is widely used in Italy to assess the quality of complex aqueous matrices, but at present there is a shortage of standardized methodologies for the bioassay performance. In this work several critical points were considered, in order to verify the reliability of this bioassay and to improve its standardization.In particular, we have studied the differences in EC50 values at different sperm: egg ratios and with different quantities of gametes; the influence of sperm and eggs on fertilization rate and the influence of different recipients materials (plastic or glass). At the same time, it was evaluated if the obtained EC50 values were in accordance with those reported in literature.Experiments performed yielded EC50 values for copper ranging from 16.54 μ g/l to 69.59 μ g/l, with a total mean value ± SD of 39.79 μ g/l ± 11.17. These data fit with those found in literature for other echinoid species. According to the same authors, poor fertilization was probably due to the effects on sperm and not on eggs, and moreover the linear regression analysis performed on each experiment suggested that the best amount of eggs to use in the test was 1000.Results from the comparison between the performance of the test in plastic or glass tubes showed an higher success in fertilization rate using borosilicate glass tubes.     

Evaluation of offline sampling for atmospheric C3-C11 non-methane hydrocarbons

The concentration variation of C3-C11 non-methane hydrocarbons(NMHCs) collected in several types of commercial flexible bags and adsorption tubes was systematically investigated using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector(GC-FID) system. The percentage loss of each NMHC in the polyvinyl fluoride(PVF) bags was less than 5% during a 7-hr storage period; significant NMHCs loss was detected in aluminum foil composite film and fluorinated ethylene propylene bags. The thermal desorption effic...     

基于压电传感板的建筑疏散照明技术

在当今世界,电力、能源和安全是人们日常生活的基本要求。为了应对日益增长的能源需求,最终的解决办法是实施可再生能源,然后将其用于人类的安全。可再生能源需要以它们各自正确的方式实施。研究基于压电传感器片的迈步发电装置,并演示了如何利用这些能量实现建筑物疏散照明。我们在传感器的下方和顶部分别固定了木板和可移动网螺栓,利用压电传感器系统,行人可以通过迈步向发电装置施加电能,另外,将硅凝胶粘贴在位于下部木板空洞中的所有传感器顶部。当有人踩到板上时,就会自动施加压力。在木板的顶部和底部设置了一个孔,以便随时调整在底部和顶板之间安装的可移动网螺栓。烟雾传感器用于启动灯光。使用这种设备,我们实现了建筑物疏散路径上的LED灯正常运行。结果表明,这种安全发电的设计和方法具有一定的实用价值,同时也满足了全球对能源的需求。     

Light distribution in dynamic street lighting: Two experimental studies on its effects on perceived safety,prospect, concealment,and escape

The relationship between light and perceived safety at night is intuitively strong, yet theoretically and empirically its workings are largely unknown. Intelligent dynamic road lighting, which continuously adapts to the presence and behavior of users, can light the street only when and where it is needed. As such, it offers a solution to the energy waste and luminous pollution associated with conventional road lighting. With this innovation, however, new questions emerge about the effect of lighting on perceived safety. We need to consider not only how much lighting pedestrians need to feel safe, but also which parts of the street should be lit. In two experiments, we investigated the effect of different light distributions on perceived safety, and explored mediation by people's appraisal of three safety-related cues suggested in the literature: prospect (having an overview), escape (perceived escape possibilities), and refuge/concealment (perceived hiding places for offenders). Both experiments, one with stationary and one with walking participants, demonstrated that people prefer having light in their own immediate surroundings rather than on the road that lies ahead. This could be explained, partially, by changes in prospect, escape, and concealment. Against expectations, prospect was higher with lighting distributions in which participants' immediate surroundings, but not the more distant parts of the road, were most strongly lit.     

两种供能方式对厨余垃圾好氧堆肥的影响研究

为了探索厨余垃圾堆肥过程中物料保持高温的方式,分别设置壁管式和水浴式供能好氧堆肥装置。实验结果表明:堆肥5 d后水浴式供能堆肥装置堆体内部的温度高于壁管式装置,且维持45℃以上范围长达8 d;两者堆肥周期都为13 d;实验结束时,水浴式供能堆肥装置内物料pH为8.7,高于壁管式装置的8.3。水浴式供能堆肥装置内物料的C/N值、BDM分别为9.2和18.1%,低于壁管式装置的9.2和30.0%。两种供能方式均能使厨余垃圾在极短时间内达到稳定化。     

An experimental set up of a PAH vapour generator and its use to test an annular denuder

The aim of this work is to develop and test a dynamic gas generator for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC). A single compound, naphthalene, is used as a surrogate PAH to test the system. The dynamic generation of PAH is based on the permeation technique [Analyst 106 (1981) 817; Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 38 (1977) 712]. Monitoring the temperature and measuring the mass of PAH present in the permeation chamber every 48 h gives a direct measurement of the sublimation rate of the PAH. Knowing the flow rate, gives an accurate value of the concentration of PAH from the generator. It was found stable over a period of time under constant operating conditions. This concentration is diluted down to between 0.3 and 30 ppbv by a controlled flow of pure air. The diluting airflow is a mixture of dry and wet air, making it possible to control the relative humidity of the flow from the generator as well as its concentration in PAH. We used this generator to calibrate an annular denuder tube, based on the study by Gundel et al. [Atmos. Environ. 29 (1995) 1719]. Although this technique has been shown to be artefact-free for sampling gaseous PAH [Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 9 (1996) 67; Atmos. Environ. 28 (1994) 3083], its trapping efficiency still depends on environmental parameters (temperature, relative humidity and sampling duration). Accordingly, we used our generator to calibrate a single annular denuder under controlled conditions (T degrees C, HR%, CPAH, sampling duration). The trapping efficiency of the denuder was calculated by two independent methods. Firstly, by comparing the amount trapped on a denuder with the measured mass sublimated in the generator. Secondly, by putting two denuders in series and comparing the mass collected on the first and the second tube. These two methods gave similar results, within the 10% relative uncertainties of both methods. The first results obtained show that, in environmental conditions, the efficiency ranges between 90 and 100%.     

贵州省闪电定位资料中小幅值地闪范围研究

采用2006—2015年贵州省ADTD闪电定位资料,应用Matlab软件中的曲线拟合工具箱对数据进行对数正态分布拟合,利用非参数正态分布检验中的Kolmogorov—Smirnov检验方法(简称K-S检验方法)分析各区间拟合效果,最终确定贵州省闪电定位系统资料的"小幅值地闪"干扰区间为-10~2k A,该结论为贵州省闪电资料修正提供理论依据,在使用ADTD闪电定位资料时可先将此区间误差数据剔除。该研究为利用闪电定位资料确定雷电灾害风险区划提供重要参考。     

热水解污泥在波节管中流动传热的数值研究

利用数值模拟方法,考察了低湍流雷诺数(Re=4 000)情况下热水解污泥在几种型号波节管的管内流动和传热性能,系统研究了波节管的波节高度H、波谷圆角半径r、波节间距P以及波节长度S1对波节管的流动及传热性能的影响。结果表明,在相同管径及管长下,波节管的换热效果明显比光滑管好。由于管内形成径向二次流,湍动剧烈,传热得到强化,但是进出口压差也相应增大。波节高度H对波节管的强化传热起决定性作用,波谷圆角半径r、波节间距P以及波节长度S1主要对流动阻力产生影响。在研究中采用的波节管相对于光滑管,努赛尔数Nu和阻力系数f分别最大增加130%和129%,并且当H=4 mm,r=10 mm,S1=20 mm,S2=25 mm时,综合换热因子η达到最大值2.1。