数字化地震前兆台站的防雷措施

雷电灾害是气象自然灾害的一个组成部分.地震前兆台站的防雷问题是一个十分重要的问题,然而防雷技术目前在国际上尚未过关.随着数字化改造项目的实施,地震台站对防雷技术的要求越来越高.本文分析了雷电的形成、雷击的种类和雷电对数字化前兆地震台站的危害,介绍了几种针对数字化前兆台站的防雷措施,这些措施在实际的地震监测中取得了较好的效果,值得借鉴推广.     

Lighting and discomfort in the classroom

Aspects of classroom lighting and décor that can promote discomfort and impair task performance through glare, and imperceptible 100 Hz flicker from fluorescent lighting, were examined in a sample of UK schools. In 90 classrooms, across eleven secondary schools and six local education authorities variables measured included flicker, illuminance at desks, and luminance of whiteboards. Results showed that 80% of classrooms are lit with 100 Hz fluorescent lighting that can cause headaches and impair visual performance. Mean illuminance (from excessive day- and artificial lighting) was in excess of recommended design illuminance in 88% of classrooms, and in 84% exceeded levels beyond which visual comfort decreases. Lighting could not be adequately controlled due to classroom design and infrastructure. Ceiling-mounted data-projectors directed at whiteboards mounted vertically on the wall resulted in specular reflection from the whiteboard, visible as a glare spot with luminance high enough to cause discomfort and disability glare. The intensity of the glare spot varied between different brands of whiteboard. Ambient lighting, needed for close work at pupils' desks, reduced image contrast. Venetian blinds in 23% of classrooms had spatial characteristics appropriate for inducing pattern glare. There was significant variation between schools and local authorities. These findings may provide insights into small-scale reports linking pupils' attainment, behaviour and learning to classroom lighting, and may also help explain some of the benefits of coloured overlays for pupils' reading.     

汽车灯具检测常见问题分析

随着汽车工业的飞速发展,汽车车灯照明效果的检测越来越被加以重视。本文主要介绍了汽车灯具测试中的若干注意事项,并对汽车灯具认证中容易出现的不合格项目进行了分析,在汽车灯具检测领域中具有一定的参考价值。     

Performance study on evacuated tubular collector coupled solar still in West Texas climate

Experimental study was performed on a single basin active solar distillation system augmented with a solar collector using evacuated solar tubes. Field tests were conducted over several days under the climatic conditions of West Texas to evaluate the effect evacuated solar tubes have on the daily distillate yield rate. To investigate the feasibility of the solar tubes, active and passive solar stills with and without exterior insulation were examined. The maximum daily production rate for the active distillation system using evacuated solar tubes and the passive distillation system was 3.6 and 1.4 kg/m²day, respectively. The results showed the augmentation of the still with evacuated solar tubes increased its production capacity by a factor of 2.63. It also increased the maximum temperature of the water in the still basin by at least 20 °C. Economic analysis shows that it is feasible to use evacuated tubular collector coupled solar still as an alternative means for reclaiming water in farmlands with a payback period of approximately 6 years.     

Do Embedded Roadway Lights Protect Sea Turtles?

Street lighting on coastal roadways is often visible at sea turtle nesting beaches, and disrupts the nocturnal orientation of hatchlings as they crawl toward the sea. Our objective was to determine whether an alternative lighting system (light-emitting diodes, embedded in the roadway pavement) prevented orientation disruption. Hatchlings at the beach oriented normally when only the embedded lights were on, or when all lighting was switched off. However, turtles showed poor orientation when street lighting was on. Measurements confirmed that street lighting was scattered to the beach, whereas embedded lighting was not. We conclude that embedded lighting keeps the beach dark and thus protects sea turtles. However, on two overcast evenings, lighting (“skyglow”) from nearby development, reflected by cloud cover to the beach, weakened hatchling orientation. Thus, both indirect (reflected) and direct sources of lighting negatively impact the turtles.     

双层炉排锅炉如何正确操作

根据双层炉排锅炉的特点，从锅炉的安装、点火、燃烧的调节、调风、停炉和调火六个方面阐述了正确操作的方法。     

Impact of Adaptive Front-lighting Systems (AFS) on road safety: Evidences and open points

Almost four years after the entry into force of Regulation ECE 123 on Adaptive Front-lighting Systems (AFS) for motor vehicles, and once the first cars bearing them start to circulate, a comparison between the original idea of AFS and their potential impact in safety and accident prevention is possible. In this work, we present the basic concepts of this new way to light roads and analyse some unforeseen consequences that might arise within the ECE regulatory framework once the presence of AFS becomes massive. This paper also pretends to be an useful guide for some countries like China, still considering the best way to definitively regulate these complex systems whose impact on road safety is expected to be huge.     

Visual Strain and Lighting Preferences of VDT Users Under Different Lighting Systems

Lighting influences users’ visual strain and well-being. Therefore creating lighting that ensures visual work conditions do not result in visual fatigue is a preventive activity. The aim of the study was to model different lighting systems for visual display terminal (VDT) work and to determine their influence on users’ visual strain and preferences. The results of the study showed that visual fatigue was lowest for indirect and compound lighting systems. On the other hand, in general, direct lighting realized by “dark-light” luminaires was the most preferred lighting system. Some interesting differences related to age, gender, and VDT work experience were found. On the basis of the obtained results lighting designers can be provided with some guidance.     

废旧荧光灯的回收利用及处理处置

介绍了废旧荧光灯管可能造成的环境污染以及国内外回收利用和处理处置的管理和技术现状，对我国在该领域发展中应关注的问题和处理技术的研发提出了建议。     

基于NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光遥感数据估算上海地区PM2.5浓度

随着工业化和城市化的迅速发展,中国面临着越来越严重的大气污染危机,以细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))为标志的区域性大气复合污染问题已经成为我国大气环境污染治理的核心工作.目前,传统的地面监测站监测PM_(2.5)浓度的方法空间分辨率较差且耗费人力物力,而卫星遥感数据监测PM_(2.5)浓度的方法大部分只能应用于白天.由于PM_(2.5)浓度在时间上存在周期性变化,因此利用卫星遥感数据监测的夜间PM_(2.5)浓度可以作为表征PM_(2.5)日变化规律的重要补充.本研究采用Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership(Suomi NPP)卫星搭载的可见红外成像辐射计套件(Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite, VIIRS)中Day/Night波段(DNB)夜间灯光影像数据,依据大气气溶胶消光原理和站点气象数据,建立PM_(2.5)浓度的预测模型,基于多元线性回归分析对上海地区9个空气质量监测站在2014—2018年冬季无月无云的晴朗夜间的PM_(2.5)浓度值进行估计,并对PM_(2.5)浓度的空间分布进行模拟.结果表明,在研究时段上海地区PM_(2.5)实际浓度与模型估算PM_(2.5)浓度之间R~2=0.767,均方根误差(RMSE)为19.210μg·m~(-3),验证了VIIRS/DNB夜间灯光影像数据在估算PM_(2.5)浓度方面有巨大潜力.