对城市雨水地下回灌的分析

城市扩张带来雨水径量增大,排出时间缩短并由此产生一系列后果,对城区雨水回灌地区的效益进行了讨论,分析城区雨水径流水质污污状况及其影响因素,初期雨水径流污染严重,主要受到地面条件,屋面材料,气温,降雨量及降雨强度等影响,根据对雨水水质的研究结果,分析了雨水回灌地下的条件及必要的雨水处理措施,对雨水回灌技术作了简略的论述。     

城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价

文章将模糊聚类与层次分析相结合,提出了城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价法,并将该方法应用于宣州市环境质量综合评价,结果表明,该方法克服了综合指数法受人为因素影响大的缺点,较好地反映了环境质量分级界限的模糊性,并且较好地解决了权值分配问题,使评价结论更合理,可靠,是一种有价值的城市环境质量综合评价方法。     

轨道交通建设对城市生态环境的影响分析

轨道交通建设将在很大程度上改善城市目前的交通状况,对促进城市建设和推动经济发展具有重大的意义。轨道交通工程在施工期和运营期对城市生态环境都会产生不同程度的影响。本文仅以天津市地铁1号线为例,从施工期的噪声、振动、扬尘、水土流失等和运营期的推动经济发展、缓解地面交通、改善环境质量等若干个方面详细分析了地铁工程对城市生态环境正面和负面的影响。     

城市河流栖息地评价方法与应用

维持河流生物完整性必须要有良好的栖息地条件.城市河流栖息地评价是城市河流治理和管理的前提和基础.城市河流栖息地评价基准与城市河流栖息地特征密切关联.基于可拓学物元概念和其发散性特征,以及前人的研究,建立了包含水质、形态结构、水动力和水生生物4个类别要素的适应于城市河流健康修复实践的栖息地质量评价指标体系,同时,结合层次分析法建立了多级可拓物元评价模型,并在评价过程中引入可拓学诊断方法以确定影响栖息地质量的关键因子.将以上方法应用于镇江市古运河,结合古运河修复目标和现状条件建立了相应的指标评价标准.经过1a多时间的野外调查,在古运河上选择6个500m长特征河段,分别对其栖息地、要素质量进行比较评价.结果表明,古运河整体栖息地及水质、水动力和水生生物质量均较差;诊断分析表明,水动力和水质为影响栖息地质量的主要因素,水质污染指数、透明度、流量满足率和纵向连续性为影响古运河栖息地质量的主要因子,并根据评价结果对古运河栖息地修复提出了建议.     

浅谈城市环境问题及对策研究

城市作为人类居住生活的功能区,在很大程度上被削弱。居住条件的恶化,环境污染,人际关系冷漠等城市病正在蔓延。城市已不再是人、自然和社会健康发展的乐园。要改变现状,让城市功能朝着人居健康的目标发展是我们今天的历史责任。城市环境质量的好坏不仅关系到市民居住和生存的质量,同时也从一个侧面反映出一座城市的文明程度以及市民素质的高低。因此,抓住创建宜居城市这一有利时机,不断改善城市环境面貌,提高环境质量,这是建设适宜人居的现代化城市的重要内容和必然选择。     

OPTIMAL LONG-TERM SCHEDULING OF STORMWATER DRAINAGE REHABILITATION1

ABSTRACT: A mathematical model is developed to optimally schedule long-term stormwater infrastructure rehabilitation activities. The model is capable of considering multiple rehabilitation projects and is driven by overall cost eensiderations. Rehabilitation activities are scheduled based on perceived reliabilities and future deterioration expected within the specified planning horizon. Future growth within the stormwater drainage basin is incorporated using chance constraints that limit the likelihood that a stormwater discharge exceeds system conveyance capacity. Model structure and development are discussed, and a hypothetical example using a drainage network is presented.     

Comparison of Stormwater Lag Times for Low Impact and Traditional Residential Development1

Abstract: This study compared lag time characteristics of low impact residential development with traditional residential development. Also compared were runoff volume, peak discharge, hydrograph kurtosis, runoff coefficient, and runoff threshold. Low impact development (LID) had a significantly greater centroid lag‐to‐peak, centroid lag, lag‐to‐peak, and peak lag‐to‐peak times than traditional development. Traditional development had a significantly greater depth of discharge and runoff coefficient than LID. The peak discharge in runoff from the traditional development was 1,100% greater than from the LID. The runoff threshold of the LID (6.0 mm) was 100% greater than the traditional development (3.0 mm). The hydrograph shape for the LID watershed had a negative value of kurtosis indicating a leptokurtic distribution, while traditional development had a positive value of kurtosis indicating a platykurtic distribution. The lag times of the LID were significantly greater than the traditional watershed for small (<25.4 mm) but not large (≥25.4 mm) storms; short duration (<4 h) but not long duration (≥4 h) storms; and low antecedent moisture condition (AMC; <25.4 mm) storms but not high AMC (≥25.4 mm) storms. This study indicates that LID resulted in lowered peak discharge depth, runoff coefficient, and discharge volume and increased lag times and runoff threshold compared with traditional residential development.     

Dry Weather Water Quality Loadings in Arid,Urban Watersheds of the Los Angeles Basin,California, USA1

Abstract: Dry weather runoff in arid, urban watersheds may consist entirely of treated wastewater effluent and/or urban nonpoint source runoff, which can be a source of bacteria, nutrients, and metals to receiving waters. Most studies of urban runoff focus on stormwater, and few have evaluated the relative contribution and sources of dry weather pollutant loading for a range of constituents across multiple watersheds. This study assessed dry weather loading of nutrients, metals, and bacteria in six urban watersheds in the Los Angeles region of southern California to estimate relative sources of each constituent class and the proportion of total annual load that can be attributed to dry weather discharge. In each watershed, flow and water quality were sampled from storm drain and treated wastewater inputs, as well as from in‐stream locations during at least two time periods. Data were used to calculate mean concentrations and loads for various sources. Dry weather loads were compared with modeled wet weather loads under a range of annual rainfall volumes to estimate the relative contribution of dry weather load. Mean storm drain flows were comparable between all watersheds, and in all cases, approximately 20% of the flowing storm drains accounted for 80% of the daily volume. Wastewater reclamation plants (WRP) were the main source of nutrients, storm drains accounted for almost all the bacteria, and metals sources varied by constituent. In‐stream concentrations reflected major sources, for example nutrient concentrations were highest downstream of WRP discharges, while in‐stream metals concentrations were highest downstream of the storm drains with high metals loads. Comparison of wet vs. dry weather loading indicates that dry weather loading can be a significant source of metals, ranging from less than 20% during wet years to greater than 50% during dry years.     

Relative Influence of Streamflows in Assessing Temporal Variability in Stream Habitat1

Abstract: The effects of streamflows on temporal variation in stream habitat were analyzed from the data collected 6‐11 years apart at 38 sites across the United States. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the variation in habitat caused by streamflow at the time of sampling and high flows between sampling. In addition to flow variables, the model also contained geomorphic and land use factors. The regression model was statistically significant (p < 0.05; R² = 0.31‐0.46) for 5 of 14 habitat variables: mean wetted stream depth, mean bankfull depth, mean wetted stream width, coefficient of variation of wetted stream width, and the percent frequency of bank erosion. High flows between samples accounted for about 16% of the total variation in the frequency of bank erosion. Streamflow at the time of sampling was the main source of variation in mean stream depth and contributed to the variation in mean stream width and the frequency of bank erosion. Urban land use (population change) accounted for over 20% of the total variation in mean bankfull depth, 15% of the total variation in the coefficient of variation of stream width, and about 10% of the variation in mean stream width.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥处理工程技术发展探讨

文章分析了我国城市生活垃圾堆肥陷入滞销困境多年的原因，指出摆脱这一困境的技术途径是要大幅度提高堆肥品质。而要实现这一目标，首先必须引进先进的堆肥翻堆技术，缩短腐熟时间，提高腐熟度；其次是应用气流密度分选系统对粗堆肥进行精分选。