从山东省部分行业看工业节水潜力

本文采用万元产值取水量和水重复利用率作为节水指标,通过对山东省主要工业行业用水节水现状进行调查研究,阐述了各行业节水水平和节水经验,分析并预测了节水潜力,总结提出了各行业应采取的主要节水措施和建议。     

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

长江三角洲城市旅游与城市发展协调性及影响因素

城市旅游业作为城市服务业的重要部门,是推动城市发展的后续动力。运用信息熵赋权法和TOPSIS法相结合,从经济水平、社会发展、公共交通、城市绿化、环境保护、旅游发展6个方面对长江三角洲2003年和2008年的城市旅游与城市发展的协调性进行分析,借助ArcGIS软件的空间聚类法分析了城市旅游与城市发展协调水平的空间格局及演变,最后探讨影响因素。结果表明:长江三角洲16城市的城市旅游协调水平在研究期间相对稳定,具体可被划分为4个等级,第一、二等级城市数量较少,得分显著高于第三、四等级城市。城市旅游协调水平空间上存在较大差异,北部城市得分高于南部城市,基本格局保持稳定,呈现以上海、南京、杭州三个城市为核心向外围边缘城市的空间衰减。产业发展、城市旅游发展模式、城市旅游重大项目投资、区位条件是长江三角洲城市旅游协调水平产生空间分化的主要影响因素,可制定以城市旅游发展为手段的方式推动城市发展,促进区域均衡发展。     

Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide during the transition from winter carbon source to spring carbon sink in a temperate urban lawn

The significant warming in urban environment caused by the combined effects of global warming and heat island has stimulated widely development of urban vegetations. However, it is less known of the climate feedback of urban lawn in warmed environment. Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide during the transition period from winter to spring was investigated in a temperate urban lawn in Beijing, China. The NEE (negative for uptake) under soil warming treatment (temperature was about 5℃ higher than the ambient treatment as a control) was -0.71 μmol/(m².sec), the ecosytem was a CO₂ sink under soil warming treatment, the lawn ecosystem under the control was a CO₂ source (0.13 μmol/(m².sec)), indicating that the lawn ecosystem would provide a negative feedback to global warming. There was no significant effect of soil warming on nocturnal NEE (i.e., ecosystem respiration), although the soil temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of ecosystem respiration under soil warming treatment was 3.86, much lower than that in the control (7.03). The CO₂ uptake was significantly increased by soil warming treatment that was attributed to about 100% increase of α (apparent quantum yield) and A_max (maximum rate of photosynthesis). Our results indicated that the response of photosynthesis in urban lawn is much more sensitive to global warming than respiration in the transition period.     

城市环境中自然通风研究进展

城市环境中自然通风源于城市热压梯度及城市风压梯度的综合作用。城市环境中自然通风影响着城市"五岛"效应(城市热岛、湿岛、干岛、浑浊岛及雨岛),城市大气的自净能力和城市居民的身体健康,也是研究快速城市化地区广义城市风环境(风场、温度场、湿度场)的参考因子。为了全面理解国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究进展,从城市环境中自然通风的监测、模拟及应用三个方面对目前国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究现状进行了综述,最后结合环境物联网、无线传感技术等目前在城市环境中自然通风研究的相关技术及应用领域的新进展,对城市环境中自然通风的后续研究热点和关键问题进行了展望,为城市环境中自然通风的相关技术及应用问题的后续研究提供了基础研究素材。     

地下空间在节能减排中的应用及展望

在能源短缺和环境污染的双重压力下,我国出台多项措施加大节能减排力度。总结概括了地下空间的几种类型,认为盐岩洞穴、废弃矿洞、废弃油井、枯竭油气层等地下空间经过技术改造,可以埋存CO2、固体垃圾、废弃核原料,储存油气,地热利用等,能创造可观的社会价值和环境保护效益,可作为节能减排的一种有效措施。以山东地区为例,调研分析了山东多处地下空间利用现状,给出了地下空间的三种发展方向。     

开封城市土壤磷素组成特征及流失风险

为深入了解城市土壤磷素组成特征及其对受纳水体的影响,以开封城市表层土壤为研究对象,分析开封城市不同功能区土壤磷素的组成特征,并采用"突变点"法计算土壤磷素流失临界值,探讨开封城市不同功能区表层土壤磷素流失风险.结果表明,开封城市土壤总磷为400~1 427 mg·kg~(-1),其中无机磷占65%~99%;速效磷(Olsen-P)和易解吸磷分别为3.41~115.03 mg·kg~(-1)和0.01~9.40 mg·kg~(-1),与土壤磷素背景值相比,城市土壤磷素呈现明显集聚.开封城市土壤总磷和速效磷均呈现出东高西低,中心老城区高于新城区的空间分布格局;在不同功能区分布上,居民区土壤各形态磷素含量均最高.开封城市土壤磷素流失临界值对应的Olsen-P为22.18 mg·kg~(-1),超过临界值的土样占总土样数的33.64%,磷素流失风险最高的区域亦分布在中心老城区.     

川渝地区甲醛柱浓度时空变化及其影响因子的相关性分析

基于Aura-OMI HCHO数据,研究川渝地区2009—2017年甲醛柱浓度变化及影响因素.结果表明:9年间川渝地区甲醛浓度变化总体较为平稳,与全国其他地区相比,浓度均值较低.年变化中,四川省甲醛浓度整体高于重庆市,川渝两地的年均最高值分别出现在2011年和2012年,且2015年重庆出现最大下降速率.整个研究区在最高值变化中,1月、2月及11月出现极高值.9年间甲醛浓度整体先上升后下降,浓度等级二级一级三级其他级别,绝对高值集中分布在康定和雅安交界一带,季节变化呈现春季秋季夏季冬季的规律,与全国其他地区夏季最高有所不同.稳定性方面,研究区中部偏西波动较大,东西两部较为稳定,康定和雅安交界处为高波动区,川西西部、川东平行岭谷和重庆为低波动区,其他地区为中等波动区.地形、气候和风向等自然因素的综合作用对甲醛浓度值的大小及空间分布贡献极大,自然地理条件尤其与极端高值高且集中的特点关系密切.社会经济因素中,生产总值增长速度和能源消费总量增长率与四川省和重庆市两地的甲醛浓度变化正相关关系较强,木材加工及草制品业与之负相关关系较强,而纺织业、化学原料和化学品制造业、石油和核燃料加工业只与四川省甲醛浓度有较强的负相关性,重庆相对较弱.     

邯郸市区PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

对邯郸市区内邯郸钢铁集团（邯钢）、邯郸市环境监测中心（环保局）、河北工程大学（矿院）3个点位4个季节代表月大气PM_2.5样品进行采集,并对其离子、元素、碳质组分进行测试分析;利用基于排放清单、受体模型与空气质量模型相结合的综合来源解析方法,对邯郸市区大气PM_2.5贡献来源进行分析.结果表明：邯郸市区PM_2.5年均浓度为85.5μg/m³,秋冬季浓度明显高于春夏季,邯钢点位浓度略高于矿院和环保局;PM_2.5中占比较高的组分为NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、POA、SOA和NH₄⁺,分别占15.7%、14.5%、13.2%、12.2%和12.4%,具有明显的二次污染和有机污染特征,冬季二次组分和有机组分占比略高于其他季节,环保局点位一次有机气溶胶（POA）和二次有机气溶胶（SOA）占比略高于矿院和邯钢;冶金和扬尘是PM_2.5最主要的贡献来源,贡献率分别为27.0%和18.7%,冶金源在春夏季的贡献比例高于秋冬季,在邯钢点位的贡献率明显高于环保局和矿院.     

基于热异常遥感的冀南城市群工业能耗及大气污染

选取冀南城市群为研究区,基于2012~2016年VⅡRS卫星数据热异常点产品,结合工业能源消耗量、工业废气排放量以及空气质量数据,利用统计分析和空间分析探讨热异常点辐射强度的变化规律及其与工业能源消耗、污染物排放之间的关系.结果表明,热异常点的辐射强度可以表征工业能源消耗量,并间接反映工业生产规模与污染排放水平.辐射强度越大,工业生产规模越大.辐射强度与工业SO₂排放量呈较高的正相关,与NO_x排放量呈中度线性相关.PM₁₀、SO₂及NO₂浓度与工业能源消耗和热异常点辐射强度灰色关联度均较高.工业生产活动产生的污染物中,颗粒物对大气污染的贡献最高,其次为SO₂.2012~2016年,邯郸、石家庄以及廊坊的工业生产空间分布呈逐年收缩聚集的趋势,保定和沧州的工业生产分别出现向南、向西迁移趋势.