论人口容量与资源环境

本文在揭示人口容量拓扑空间结构的基础上,提出了第一性生产力的人口承载模型和未来世界人口的可容规模。并从生态均衡角度,探讨了人口合理容量的概念及其同消费水平和社会财富分配之间的依附机理。     

成都市汽车排放物污染及其治理措施

本文从成都市的地形、气候、道路和车辆状况出发,论述了汽车排放物污染及其对人体健康和大气环境的影响。针对汽车排放物污染的治理,文章提出必须及早制定出适合本市具体情况的治理方案,加强对在用车的技术改造。文章还就城市道路建设及交通管理提出了一些建设性意见。     

Formation of Nitrate and Sulfate in the Plume of Berlin (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), i.e. particulate sulphate (S(VI)), ammonium and nitrate (N(V)) is formed from gaseous precursors i.e., sulfur dioxide (S(IV)), ammonia and nitrogen oxides, in polluted air on the time-scale of hours to days. Besides particulate ammonium and nitrate, the respective gaseous species ammonia and nitric acid can be formed, too. SIA contributes significantly to elevated levels of respirable particulate matter in urban areas and in strongly anthropogenically influenced air in general. Methods The near-ground aerosol chemical composition was studied at two stationary sites in the vicinity of Berlin during a field campaign in summer 1998. By means of analysis of the wind field, two episodes were identified which allow to study changes within individual air masses during transport i.e., a Lagrangian type of experiment, with one station being upwind and the other downwind of the city. By reference to a passive tracer (Na+) and estimates on dry depositional losses, the influences of dispersion and mixing on concentration changes can be eliminated from the data analysis. Results and Discussion Chemical changes in N(-III), N(V) and S(VI) species were observed. SIA i.e., N(V) and S(VI), was formed from emissions in the city within a few hours. The significance of emissions in the city was furthermore confirmed by missing SIA formation in the case of transport around the city. For the two episodes, SIA formation rates could be derived, albeit not more precise than by an order of magnitude. N(V) formation rates were between 1.4 and 20 and between 1.9 and 59 % h-1 on the two days, respectively, and S(VI) formation rates were > 17 and > 10 % h-1. The area south of the city was identified as a source of ammonia. Conclusion The probability of occurrence of situations during which the downwind site (50 km downwind of Berlin) would be hit by an urban plume is > 7.4%. Furthermore, for the general case of rural areas in Germany it is estimated that for more than half of these there is a significant probability to be hit by an urban plume (> 8%). The S(VI) formation rates are higher than explainable by homogeneous gas-phase chemistry and suggest the involvement of heterogeneous reactions of aerosol particles. Recommendation and Outlook The possible contribution of heterogeneous processes to S(VI) formation should be addressed in laboratory studies. Measurements at more than two sites could improve the potential of Lagrangian field experiments for the quantification of atmospheric chemical transformations, if a second downwind site is chosen in such a way that, at least under particular stability conditions, measurements there are representative for the source area.     

电极-生物复合反应器处理城市污水的初步研究

微生物固定在电极表面，电解水产氢与氧所营造的微环境在一定条件下对生物硝化／反硝化及吸／放磷产生了促进作用，使电极-生物复合反应器在脱除有机污染物的同时强化了生物的脱氮及除磷效果。本试验采用了2套结构与尺寸完全相同的单槽内循环反应器，1套通电，1套不通电，在不同电流强度下比较了2套反应器对污染物的去除效果。反应器中以石墨为阳极，活性炭纤维为阴极，电极-生物复合反应器的总氮去除率可比未通电流的反应器高出30％左右，总磷去除率增加11．5％，而氨氮、COD的去除率都维持在100％和95％左右。试验表明，电流的引入在一定条件下能明显强化生物反应器脱氮除磷效果。     

Influence of industry on the geochemical urban environment of Mieres (Spain) and associated health risk

This study is concerned with the elemental composition of soils and street dust collected in an historical industrial city of approximately 27 000 inhabitants, where old Hg mining and metallurgical activities strongly affected the load of heavy metals in the urban environment. For the purpose of the study, representative samples of soils and street dust were collected at different locations in the whole urban area (3 km²). Elevated mean concentrations of As in soils and street dust (69 and 135 g g^–1, respectively), and Hg (3.07 and 4.24 g g^–1, respectively), compared to background levels and to those found in other cities, reflect the anomalous geochemical nature of these materials and the strong influence exerted by the old mining sites.     

Is there a relationship between soil and groundwater toxicity?

Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires environmental regulators to assess the risk of contaminants leaching from soils into groundwater (DETR, 1999). This newly introduced legislation assumes a link between soil and groundwater chemistry, in which rainwater leaches contaminants from soil into the saturated zone. As the toxicity of both groundwater and overlying soils is dependent upon the chemicals present, their partitioning and their bioavailability, similar patterns of soil, leachates and groundwater toxicity should be observed at contaminated sites. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from different contaminated land sites in an urban area, and used to determine relationships between soil chemistry and toxicity, mobility of contaminants, and groundwater chemistry and toxicity. Soils were leached using water to mimic rainfall, and both the soils and leachates tested using bioassays. Soil bioassays were carried out using Eisenia fetida, whilst groundwater and leachates were tested using the Microtox test system and Daphnia magna 48 h acute tests. Analysis of the bioassay responses demonstrated that a number of the samples were toxic to test organisms, however, there were no significant statistical relationships between soil, groundwater and leachate toxicity. Nor were there significant correlations between soil, leachates and groundwater chemistry.     

城市生态研究概述

本文阐述了城市生态学的起源、发展过程和研究内容，以及国内外城市生态学研究进展；研究了我国城市主要生态环境问题及对策。并提出生态城市是人类可持续发展城市的理想模式。     

论制约21世纪城市园林绿化发展的因素

改革开放以来，我国城市园林绿化事业虽然取得了长足进展，但仍面临着人多地少、资金严重缺乏的窘境，本文分析了产业这些问题的症结，提出了相应的对策与建议。     

立柱和柱式无土栽培系统及其在生菜栽培上的应用

具溢水管 ,容积为 1L的 12只ABS塑料盆钵组装的水培立柱 ,其底部是底座 ,顶部是淋滴装置 ,总高 2 0 0cm ,直径为 15cm .按柱间距 80cm× 80cm排列在面积有A =5 40m2 的非自控玻璃温室内 ,然后再串联和并联成”树林”式栽培整体 .该整体含 6 36根立柱 ,每根立柱的最多种植量有 6 0株 ,总共种植 3816 0株 ,加地面原有种植数 10 314株 ,共有 48474株 ,此为地面原种植量的 4.7倍 .立柱被安装在地面水槽上 ,通过循环灌溉系统 (营养液 )将立柱无土栽培和地面无土栽培组合为一体 ,即谓柱式无土栽培系统 .柱式无土栽培系统全种生菜 ,育苗移栽 ,种后 40d(中后期 ) ,立柱区的光照E =6 80～ 86 0 μEm- 2 s- 1 ,高出生菜光合作用饱和点E =180～ 36 0 μEm- 2 s- 1 .立柱上的小栽培钵的一点底面接触水面 ,使苗的大部分根数生长于水面之上湿润的岩棉之中 ,良好的生长空间加上流动的水柱 ,生菜获得了水、气、肥协调的根部环境 .冬季最高气温平均为θ =2 0℃ ,最低气温平均有θ =3.3℃ ,RH =5 7%～ 71% .种后 5 3d(生长后期 ) ,生菜产量平均有 5 .6kg /m2 ,较CK(平均 1.5kg /m2 )提高 3.7倍 .柱式无土栽培系统是一种高产高效的工厂化生产模式 .图 7表 3参 7     

城市绿地生态效果评价方法的改进

城市绿地在改善城市环境、为居民提供游憩服务等方面具有重要作用。目前衡量绿地效果的指标从总量上规定城市绿地应达到的指标，但缺乏绿地空间分布合理性的表征。本文采用景观生态学中的异质性指数和均一性指数，提出判断城市绿地分布合理程度的两种新指标。