Distribution,sources and pollution status of Pb in indoor and outdoor dusts of Kerman City,SE Iran

The aims of this study were to explore the status of pollution and the temporal/spatial distribution of indoor and outdoor dust-Pb in the city of Kerman (SE Iran), located in a dry playa and arid climatic zone. Flat panes were laid at appropriate locations, in the indoor and the outdoor spaces of selected one-story houses in different areas of the city, to collect dust samples. Forty-two samples were taken and analyzed using the ICP-MS method. The measurements have shown that the outdoor dust-Pb concentrations varied from 23.7 to 275.2?mg kg^?1, with a mean value of 71.8?mg kg^?1, and indoor dust-Pb concentrations ranged from 47.6 to 150.2?mg kg^?1, with a mean value of 89.6?mg kg^?1. Based on these measurements, Pb was enriched in the outdoor and the indoor dust samples up to 48.8 and 29.4 times, respectively. Dilution, as a result of prevalence of geogenic dust in the outdoor space, is expected to be the main cause of the temporal differences. This study has shown that the eastern part of the city is more polluted compared to the other parts, and, because of the stable air conditions, the concentration of Pb in the summer dust is higher than the other seasons.     

Short-term Model of the Production of Construction Aggregates in Taiwan Based on Artificial Neural Networks

BACKGROUND: Taiwan's geography and limited stock of sandstone have caused sandstone resources to gradually decline to the point of exhaustion after long-term excavation. Moreover, the Taiwanese government has continuously increased the amount of land area near rivers that cannot be excavated to facilitate riverbed remediation and promote conservation of water resources. Accordingly, predicting and managing the annual production of construction aggregates in future construction projects, and dealing appropriately with some thorny problems, for instance, demand that excess supply, excessive excavation, unregulated excavation, and the consequent environmental damage, will significantly affect the efficient use of natural resources in a manner that accords with the national policy of Sustainable Development (SD). METHODS:. This study establishes an empirical model for forecasting the annual production of future construction aggregates using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), based on 15 relevant socio-economic indicators, such as indicator of annual consumption of cement. A sensitivity analysis is then performed on these indicators. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This work applies ANN to estimate the annual production of construction aggregates; the estimates, the verification of the model and the sensitivity analysis are all acceptable. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis results indicate that the annual consumption of cement is the indicator that most strongly influences the production of construction aggregates, as well as whether construction waste can be recycled and steel structures can be used in buildings, helping to reduce the future production of construction aggregates in Taiwan. CONCLUSIONS: The elaborate prediction methodology presented in this study avoids some of the weaknesses or limitations of conventional linear statistics, linear programming or system dynamics. Additionally, the results not only provide a short-term prediction of the production of construction aggregates in Taiwan, but also provide a viable and flexible means of verifying quality certification of the production data of construction aggregates in the future by incorporating those relevant socio-economic indicators. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: The continuity and quality of the database of relevant indicators used in this study should be closely scrutinized in order to ensure the SD means of exploiting resources.     

城市水源地突发性水污染事件研究述评

日益恶化的突发性水污染事件始终是国内外大多数城市水源地安全和城市供水安全的重要威胁。从城市水源地突发性污染事件的风险源、水源地易损性、应急评估和预警技术及应急机制4个方面综述了国内外城市水源地突发性污染事件的研究进展。述评认为，应关注城市水源地的特殊易损性及突发性污染的威胁，重点研究水源地突发性污染事件的快速评估和预警技术及应急机制，全面开展城市水源地突发性污染事件的基础和实例研究。     

城市产业水污染控制优化研究——以株洲市为例

针对城市产业水污染状况，应用产业结构和工业行业结构优化模型，试图找出城市产业结构调整方法。研究以株洲市为例，根据株洲市产业结构和行业结构特点对模型进行改进和最优化计算。计算结果表明，产业和行业生产用水的调整可以减少废水排放量和实现经济增长。在此基础上，提出了株洲市产业和行业凋整方案，以期实现城市经济发展与环境保护协调发雇。     

电极-生物复合反应器处理城市污水的初步研究

微生物固定在电极表面，电解水产氢与氧所营造的微环境在一定条件下对生物硝化／反硝化及吸／放磷产生了促进作用，使电极-生物复合反应器在脱除有机污染物的同时强化了生物的脱氮及除磷效果。本试验采用了2套结构与尺寸完全相同的单槽内循环反应器，1套通电，1套不通电，在不同电流强度下比较了2套反应器对污染物的去除效果。反应器中以石墨为阳极，活性炭纤维为阴极，电极-生物复合反应器的总氮去除率可比未通电流的反应器高出30％左右，总磷去除率增加11．5％，而氨氮、COD的去除率都维持在100％和95％左右。试验表明，电流的引入在一定条件下能明显强化生物反应器脱氮除磷效果。     

淀山湖湿地及其生态功能与利用

淀山湖是上海市唯一的淡水湖泊，面积约６２ｋｍ２。淀山湖湿地的形成主要是地质、地貌、气候、水文等自然因素和人类活动影响长期相互作用的结果。本文着重讨论了淀山湖湿地的生产功能和环境生态功能，并对湖泊湿地的利用与保护提供了建议。     

提高猪粪和城市垃圾堆肥质量的菌种选择

室内发酵菌剂筛选试验的结果表明 :细黄链霉菌 (Streptomycesmicroflavus)、彩色云芝 (Polystictusversicol or)和假单胞杆菌属 (Pseudomonassp .) 3种菌剂对促进猪粪、城市垃圾腐熟最有利。在有机肥发酵过程中 ,除臭作用最明显的分别是绿色木霉 (Trichodermaviride)、青霉属真菌 (Penicilliumsp .- 1)和细黄链霉菌 (Streptomycesmicroflavus)菌剂。     

Influence of industry on the geochemical urban environment of Mieres (Spain) and associated health risk

This study is concerned with the elemental composition of soils and street dust collected in an historical industrial city of approximately 27 000 inhabitants, where old Hg mining and metallurgical activities strongly affected the load of heavy metals in the urban environment. For the purpose of the study, representative samples of soils and street dust were collected at different locations in the whole urban area (3 km²). Elevated mean concentrations of As in soils and street dust (69 and 135 g g^–1, respectively), and Hg (3.07 and 4.24 g g^–1, respectively), compared to background levels and to those found in other cities, reflect the anomalous geochemical nature of these materials and the strong influence exerted by the old mining sites.     

火炬松浆材建筑材林经营模型系统的研究

根据火炬松样地资料，建立火炬松林分生长模型、结构模型、商品材产量预估模型、营林措施(含间伐、施肥、整地、抚育等)效应模型及营林效益评估模型，构成火炬松纸浆材与建筑材林经营的模型系统，为火炬松纸浆材与建筑材林定向培育和优化决策提供了系列模型．     

我国在用柴油车的技术改造与城市的环境保护

中国的柴油车发展起步较晚，技术较落后，能耗高，排污严重，影响着我国城市的大气环境。笔者对柴油车在城市生活中的重要地位，对在用柴油车的技术改造措施和城市环境保护的其他举措进行了研究探讨，提出了一些具体方案，如使用高效柴油添加剂或联合使用高效的柴油添加剂与层气净化器；由政府统一严格控制机动车辆排放标准；提高市政工程管理水平。