Oil dependency,political institutions,and urban–rural disparities in access to electricity in Africa

In line with the resource curse literature, this paper examines the effect of oil dependency on the disparities in access to electricity between urban and rural areas in Africa, conditional on the quality of political institutions. Based on data from 36 African countries over the period 2000–2017, our investigation suggests that oil rents (% of GDP) increase urban–rural disparities in access to electricity. However, the quality of institutions shapes the effect of oil dependency on these disparities. Specifically, a 10% increase in the institutional quality score reduces the adverse effects of oil rent on electricity access disparity by around 19%, and the negative impact of oil dependency on urban–rural disparities is reversed when institutional quality reaches a score of 52% on a scale from 0 to 100. The robustness tests support these results and call for strengthening the quality of institutions to overcome the resource curse in Africa.     

The deflectors influence on flow complexity,bed morphology,sediment transport and water quality of urban lotic waters - A laboratory study

In this laboratory study different combinations of bed (sand, pebble gravel [gravel], and a mix of sand and gravel) and flow (typical and overtopping) were experimented with to investigate the impact of porous deflectors in flow diversity, water quality, and fish performance in prismatic open channels. Deflectors changed the gradually varied flow to a rapidly varied flow, as a sudden change in the water depth was observed at the deflectors, and this change was large for smooth beds. With the presence of gravel, the scouring near the downstream deflector was almost twice that of the sand bed, and with the scouring at its own upstream deflector, irrespective of whether the flow was typical or overtopping. This behavior was a result of sand mobilization due to shear stress and sand mobilization aided gravel transport. The mixed bed showed less gravel movement compared to the gravel-only bed. The percentage of sediment washed out was minor for all bed scenarios, indicating that sediment transport was local. Relative to the sand bed without deflectors (representing a typical urban canal), deflectors resulted in reduced and improved water quality (in terms of sediment load) for sand, and mixed bed, respectively. The fishes found refuge and were comfortable in the pool areas created by deflectors unlike in channels without deflectors where they showed exhaustion.     

城市生态系统承载理论探索与实证--以长江三角洲为例

为深入地探讨城市生态系统内部各要素的相互作用关系,将自然生态系统承载力理论扩展到城市生态系统,提出城市生态系统的承载机制概念。分别从微观作用与宏观表现两个角度提出承载机制模型,即承载递阶模型与水桶模型,初步构建了承载理论框架。在承载理论指导下,采用层次结构模型建立了承载机制评价指标体系,提出承载机制定量评估模型,由此可计算出城市生态系统承载指数,该指数是研究资源支持系统、环境约束系统与社会经济活动三者协调性以及城市生态环境对社会经济活动供容能力的重要判据。最后对长三角具有代表性的8个城市进行了实证研究。结果表明：长三角8个^城市的综合承载指数排序依次为：上海、南京、无锡、宁波、杭州、苏州、常州、扬州。     

以雨水为核心的城市水环境构建思路

在研究国内外利用雨水构建城市水环境的文献基础上,得出城市水环境构建要空中层、地表层和地下层综合构建三位一体的指导思想,以雨水为核心的城市水环境构建的思路是：从易到难,分步骤进行构建。     

“城市矿产”开发是循环经济的永恒亮点

“城市矿产”使城市成为资源循环利用的开发基地。“城市矿产”的开发是在国家指导、规划和资金投入的支持下进行,是缓解我国资源和环境压力,提高环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的多赢举措     

城市土壤污染研究现状与趋势

城市土壤是城市生态环境系统的有机组成部分,对城市的可持续发展有着重要的意义.城市化和工业化进程的加快,造成城市土壤污染、侵蚀、酸化和硬化以及土壤生物和植被退化等一系列较为严重的城市环境问题,直接危及到城市居民的健康和安全;因此,城市土壤污染问题已经引起人们的高度重视.近10多年来,国内外有关城市土壤重金属污染,微有机物污染,生源要素污染和城市土壤污染的环境与健康风险评价等诸多研究取得了一系列的研究成果.本文主要就以上研究成果进行了较为系统地总结与阐述,并且在此基础上提出了今后有关城市土壤污染研究的发展重点与趋势,以期为改善城市生态环境质量提供重要的科学依据.     

城市重大危险源分布合理性与可持续发展

可持续发展是世界各国积极采用的一种发展生产和经济建设的社会模式,它在谋求人类社会全面进步的同时,更注重经济、社会和环境的协调发展。以南京市为研究对象,分析评价了城市重大危险源的分布合理性,目的是能够为有效地预防和控制南京市的重大灾害,提供可行的建设性方案,使经济损失和对社会心理创伤降低到最低限度,有力地推动南京市可持续发展。     

基于事故理论的城市轨道交通风险评价模型研究

笔者分析了城市轨道交通事故,在分析我国其他行业事故分类的基础上,确定城市轨道交通事故分类标准,即重大事故、大事故、险性事故和一般事故,并将不同事故分类情况及专家判断评分,按事故的大小不同换算成可以计算的计算尺度,根据事故种类不同计算出事故折算因子,根据风险理论的评价方法,建立了地铁风险评价模型,对地铁的危险性进行量化定级,并通过具体实例进行综合分析评价,该风险评价模型具有一定的工程意义。     

街区建筑物对城市交通隧道废气排放的影响

采用大气边界层模式和随机游动扩散模式相连接的模拟方法,对上海市拟建的交通隧道排气口附近街道建筑物区域的气流分布和废气排放物浓度场进行了数值模拟分析,设计了6种方案,并按不同的废气排放形式,分别分析了街区的地面污染物质量浓度分布.结果表明,在建筑物存在的情况下,排风口造成的地面污染物质量浓度的最高值会很大,可达0.44 mg/m3,若换成排风塔,则为0.13 mg/m3; 没有建筑物的情况下,由排风口和排风塔造成的地面污染物最高质量浓度分别为0.11 mg/m3,0.4 mg/m3.当风速增大,质量浓度会降低,最大值分别从0.44 mg/m3降为0.2 mg/m3,和从0.13 mg/m3降为0.1mg/m3.分析表明,建筑物附近的气流特征对污染物扩散会起引导作用: 垂直方向上,导致污染物从高空被带入地面; 水平方向上,使得污染物在下风向堆积; 当风速增大时,地面污染物质量浓度值降低.同时研究表明,对排风塔污染物散布起主要作用的是水平方向的气流结构,而对排风口的污染物散布起主要作用的则是其附近建筑物的背风侧的气流下洗效应和水平流场,因此建筑物背风侧有可能成为重污染区.     

Socio-economic Impacts of Local Environmental Policies: An analysis for the field of climate protection

Local environmental policies are sometimes seen as standing in the way of socio-economic progress. Against the background of these concerns, the actual socio-economic impacts of climate protection measures are discussed in this paper. It is structured as follows. First, the concept of primary and secondary effects of climate policies is introduced. Secondly, there is a discussion of financial and economic impacts of local climate policies. Finally, information is given on the consequences of such measures for local energy security and air quality. The main conclusion is that, at least in the field of climate policies, there is a huge potential for local measures that are socioeconomically attractive to local communities. HAUKE VON SEHT, Impactos socio-económicos de políticas del medio ambiente local, un análisis para el campo de protección climática . Las políticas ambientales locales son vistas algunas veces como si estuvieran en la via del progreso socio-económico. En contra de los antecedentes de estos asuntos, los impactos socio-económicos actuales de las medidas de protección climaticas son discutidos en este documento. Está extructurado de la siguiente manera: Primero serán introducidos el concepto de efectos primarios y secundarios de las políticas climáticas. Luego sigue una discusión de impactos económicos y financieros de las políticas climáticas locales, seguido por información de las consecuencias de tales medidas para la calidad del aire y seguridad de energía local. La conclusión principal es que por lo menos en el campo de las políticas climáticas hay un inmenso potencial de medidas locales que son socio-económicamente actractivas a las comunidades locales.