基于生态位理论的京津冀城市生态文明评价

生态文明评价体系是明确生态文明建设现状、定位生态文明建设存在问题的关键。从城市群视角出发引入生态位理论,界定生态文明位内涵,构建涵盖社会子系统生态位—经济子系统生态位—资源环境子系统生态位共29项指标的城市生态文明评价指标体系,并提出相对生态文明位和生态经济指数的二维模型,测算京津冀城市群6个案例城市在2007—2011年的生态文明建设水平、趋势以及地位。结果显示,2011年北京生态文明水平(相对生态文明位)最高,邢台生态文明水平最低,石家庄、秦皇岛、承德、天津生态文明水平分别排名第2、第3、第4、第5。2007—2011年,北京、承德、邢台生态文明水平呈现波动下降趋势,而秦皇岛、石家庄、天津呈现小幅上升趋势;但生态经济指数测算显示,北京的经济社会发展对于生态资源环境的占用消耗大,承德有较好的经济发展潜力。并基于该二维模型,将京津冀城市生态文明建设分为4种类型:发展失衡型、相对和谐型、高质量发展型、资源环境优势型,分别确定城市生态文明建设重点,为京津冀协同发展提供了指导依据。     

Decline of traditional rice farming constrains the recovery of the endangered Asian crested ibis (Nipponia nippon)

Traditional agriculture benefits a rich diversity of plants and animals. The winter-flooded rice fields in the Qinling Mountains, China, are the last refuge for the endangered Asian crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), and intensive efforts have been made to protect this anthropogenic habitat. Analyses of multi-temporal satellite data indicate that winter-flooded rice fields have been continuously reduced across the current range of crested ibis during the past two decades. The rate of loss of these fields in the core-protected areas has unexpectedly increased to a higher level than that in non-protected areas in the past decade. The best fit (R² = 0.87) numerical response model of the crested ibis population shows that a reduction of winter-flooded rice fields decreases population growth and predicts that the population growth will be constrained by the decline of traditional winter-flooded rice fields in the coming decades. Our findings suggest that the decline of traditional rice farming is likely to continue to pose a threat to the long-term survival and recovery of the crested ibis population in China.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0649-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

城中村雨水污水完善改造方案浅析

结合深圳盐田区城中村污水完善改造设计及施工服务中所遇到的问题,提出为彻底解除雨水污水混流现象而采取的措施和方法,以作为今后城中村雨水污水分流制改造过程中的借鉴或参考。     

Integrated water resources management for emergency situations: A case study of Macau

Integrated urban water management (IUWM) is a useful tool that can be used to alleviate water resource shortages in developing regions like Macau, where 98% of the raw water comes from mainland China. In Macau, scarce water resources deteriorate rapidly in emergency situations, such as accidental chemical spills upstream of the supply reservoir or salty tides. During these times, only the water from the two freshwater reservoirs in Macau can be used. In this study, we developed urban water management optimization models that integrated the raw water supply from the two reservoirs with various proposed governmental policies (wastewater reuse, rainwater collection, and water saving). We then determined how various water resource strategies would influence the urban water supply in Macau in emergency situations. Our results showed that, without imported raw water, the water supply from only the two Macau reservoirs would last for 7.95 days. However, when all the government policies were included in the model, the supply could be extended to 13.79 days. Out of the three non-conventional water resources, wastewater reuse is the most beneficial for increasing the Macau water supply, and rainwater collection also has great potential.     

基于微生物生物完整性指数的北京市城市河道生态系统健康评价

生物完整性指数（IBI）是河道生态系统健康评价的重要且被广泛应用的指标,然而,基于水体中分解者微生物群落构建IBI评价标准的研究较少。针对北京市城市河道生态系统健康状况开展评价,探索微生物生物完整性指数(M-IBI)评价流程与标准构建方法。基于沉积物中微生物Illumina高通量测序信息,筛选出关键环境因子（水质指标TN、TP、NH₃-N、NO₃-N和NO₂-N）确定候选生物指标,根据判别能力分析结果,确定Shannon指数、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）相对丰度、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）相对丰度、蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）相对丰度、COD_Cr耐受属相对丰度和NH₃-N清洁属相对丰度6个指标,提出了指标标准化公式和健康评价标准。结果表明,以自然水体为补水的永定河各采样点评价结果均为健康状态,其他3条以城镇再生水厂出水为补水的河道中,清河4个采样点为健康至亚健康状态,凉水河5个采样点为健康至一般状态,大龙河4个采样点为亚健康至一般状态。M-IBI可以有效区分不同程度的受损点位,较合理地评价城市河道生态系统健康状况。

     

新发展阶段规划环境影响评价开展范围的几点建议

为满足当前管理需求,在厘清我国现行规划体系构成、类型及相互关系的基础上,系统梳理了空间规划、区域规划、专项规划内容特征与环境影响特点,结合近20年规划环评实践,提出规划环评开展范围调整建议。对于空间规划,建议国家级总体规划不纳入规划环评体系,省级总体规划编写环境影响篇章或说明,市、县、乡镇级总体规划编写环境影响报告书。对于区域规划,建议指导性大区域规划编写环境影响篇章或说明,非指导性大区域规划及新区、产业园区等的开发建设规划编写环境影响报告书。对于专项规划,建议将自然资源开发、能源、交通、水利、农业（含畜牧业、渔业）、工业等专项规划纳入规划环评体系,指导性规划编制环境影响篇章或说明,非指导性规划编制环境影响报告书。

     

我国环境影响评价制度实践与展望—环评法20周年回顾

环境影响评价（简称环评）制度具有从源头防止环境污染和生态破坏的重要作用,是环境保护参与综合决策的重要途径。2003年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》（简称环评法）的实施确立了环评这一环境管理制度的法律地位,是我国环评制度发展的里程碑。在环评法实施的20年间,从项目环评到规划环评,再到大区域战略环评与政策环评,我国环评制度实现了飞跃性发展。基于环评制度的研究与实践进展识别现存不足,可为我国下阶段环评制度发展提供参考。本文首先回顾环评制度体系发展,其次基于文献计量与可视化分析的方法,对环评法实施20年来我国环评制度研究进展进行总结与热点分析,结合分析结果梳理总结我国环评制度实践进展。建议未来从深入环评与排污许可制度衔接、加强事中事后监管、提高规划环评地位、加强政策环评发展和提高公众参与有效性等方面,进一步提高我国环评制度实施的有效性,助力我国生态环境质量持续改善和经济高质量发展。

     

关于完善规划环境影响跟踪评价制度的思考

规划环境影响跟踪评价制度是规划环评制度的重要组成部分,完善跟踪评价制度对健全以环境影响评价制度为主体的预防体系具有重要意义。在分析我国规划环境影响跟踪评价制度与实践进展的基础上,系统梳理了现行制度存在的启动情形不明、程序亟待规范、约束力不足等问题,并从按照审查意见要求启动跟踪评价、保障生态环境部门知情权与建议权、强化违反跟踪评价义务的法律后果等方面提出对策建议,为《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的修订完善提供参考。

     

Estimation of Cumulative Frequency Distribution for Carbon Monoxide Concentration from Wind-Speed Data, in Buenos Aires (Argentina)

In this article we apply and test a methodology to estimate cumulative frequency distribution for air pollutant concentration from wind-speed data. We use the inverse relationship after Simpson et al. (Atmospheric Environment, 19, 75–82, 1985) between the opposing percentile values in the statistical distributions for air pollutant concentrations and wind-speed data. This relationship is valid, irrespective of the statistical distributions of both variables, if an inverse relationship between them is also applicable. The available data are five years of 8-h average carbon monoxide concentration and 8-h mean wind-speed, observed in Buenos Aires (Argentina). The performance of the obtained empirical expressions in estimating cumulative frequency distributions for 8-h CO is statistically evaluated. The results show that it is possible to obtain an acceptable cumulative frequency distribution for 8-h CO concentration at the site if the cumulative frequency distribution for wind-speed is known. Q–Q plots show a good agreement between estimated and observed values. From our data, the mean relative error of the estimations was found to be as much as 8.0%.     

Evaluation and valuation of wildlife resources

Issues of resource conservation and development are essentially about choice between alternative uses of land. Resource evaluation in rural planning has usually been based on assessments of land quality or capability in relation to a variety of alternative uses. In the case of wildlife, choices have to be made as to whether the wildlife resource is worth conserving at all and if so, which sites should be used. Considerable efforts have been made to rationalise, improve and make explicit the way in which choices are made, and this paper reviews the current position and draws attention to issues and developments which could lead to improvements in current practice.