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51.
应用灰色系统理论,根据江苏省地震工程研究院的地震科技开发资料,分别以项目负责人的年龄、学历、职称、职务、学科作为比较数列,对年度内完成的实际合同额进行了多因素灰色关联分析,排出了关联序。研究结果客观地揭示了开发能力与人的各种因素——年龄、学历、职称、职务、学科之间的相互关系,为市场经济条件下,地震科技人才的开发、培养和应用,提供了科学依据。 相似文献
52.
River damming provides a dominant human impact on river environments worldwide, and while local impacts of reservoir flooding
are immediate, subsequent ecological impacts downstream can be extensive. In this article, we assess seven research strategies
for analyzing the impacts of dams and river flow regulation on riparian ecosystems. These include spatial comparisons of (1)
upstream versus downstream reaches, (2) progressive downstream patterns, or (3) the dammed river versus an adjacent free-flowing
or differently regulated river(s). Temporal comparisons consider (4) pre- versus post-dam, or (5) sequential post-dam conditions.
However, spatial comparisons are complicated by the fact that dams are not randomly located, and temporal comparisons are
commonly limited by sparse historic information. As a result, comparative approaches are often correlative and vulnerable
to confounding factors. To complement these analyses, (6) flow or sediment modifications can be implemented to test causal
associations. Finally, (7) process-based modeling represents a predictive approach incorporating hydrogeomorphic processes
and their biological consequences. In a case study of Hells Canyon, the upstream versus downstream comparison is confounded
by a dramatic geomorphic transition. Comparison of the multiple reaches below the dams should be useful, and the comparison
of Snake River with the adjacent free-flowing Salmon River may provide the strongest spatial comparison. A pre- versus post-dam
comparison would provide the most direct study approach, but pre-dam information is limited to historic reports and archival
photographs. We conclude that multiple study approaches are essential to provide confident interpretations of ecological impacts
downstream from dams, and propose a comprehensive study for Hells Canyon that integrates multiple research strategies. 相似文献
53.
This investigation conducted a full-scale survey the drinking water distribution system in Kaohsiung city, Taiwan. The aim
was to investigate whether the distribution system was capable of maintaining high water quality from the water treatment
facilities through to the end user. The results showed that the distribution system can maintain high water quality, except
for suitable chlorine residuals. The authors plotted chlorine residual contour maps to identify areas with low chlorine residuals,
helping them prioritize sections that must be flushed or renewal. The contour maps also provide sufficient and clear information
for locating booster chlorination stations. Contour maps enable water facilities to identify how water quality decays in the
distribution systems and the locations of such decay. Water quality decay can be caused by properties of pipeline materials,
hydraulic conditions, and/or biofilm thickness. However, understanding the exact reasons is unnecessary because the contour
maps provide sufficient information for trouble-shooting the distribution systems. 相似文献
54.
We present a hitherto unknown prey perception strategy in bats: Myotis nattereri (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) is able to perceive prey by echolocation within a few centimeters of echo-cluttering vegetation,
by using frequency-modulated search signals of very large bandwidth (up to 135 kHz). We describe the species’ search behavior
and echolocation repertoire from the field and from experiments in a flight tent. In the field, bats varied signal parameters
in relation to their distance from vegetation and usually flew close to vegetation. In the flight tent, M. nattereri detected and localized prey by echolocation alone as close as 5 cm from vegetation. Apparently, the bats were able to tolerate
some overlap between prey and clutter echoes. Passive prey cues (vision, olfaction, prey-generated sounds) were not used in
prey perception. The bats selected prey by size. The animals performed aerial catches and produced approach sequences typical
for aerial hawking bats, but were able to do so within a few centimeters of the substrate. M. nattereri thus has access to silent, suspended prey very close to vegetation (e.g., spiders, and caterpillars on threads).
Received: 29 September 1999 / Received in revised form: 12 February 2000 / Accepted: 12 February 2000 相似文献
55.
Social and mating system of cooperatively breeding laughing kookaburras (Dacelo novaeguineae) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
DNA fingerprinting was combined with field observations over four breeding seasons to investigate the social structure and
mating system of the laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae). Groups comprised a socially dominant pair and up to six helpers of either sex. Helpers were always recruited from young
hatched in the group. Territorial inheritance, which is a feature of other cooperative breeders and an oft-cited benefit of
philopatry, did not occur. Helpers only attained dominant status in an established group by dispersing into a vacant dominant
position in that group. However, helpers could also form new groups by excising a new territory, often through a ”budding”
process. The mating system was overwhelmingly monogamous. There were no cases of extra-group parentage in a sample of 140
nestlings; within groups of three or more birds, dominance predicted parentage almost perfectly (99.2% of 129 nestlings),
irrespective of whether helpers in the group were related to one or both dominant birds. This is contrary to predictions from
models of reproductive skew, possibly because they currently fail to incorporate the willingness of females to share reproduction
among males.
Received: 15 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 2 November 1999 / Accepted: 6 November 1999 相似文献
56.
In the meerkat (Suricata suricatta), a cooperative mongoose, pups follow potential feeders while the group is foraging and emit incessant calls when soliciting
food from them. In contrast to a ’stationary’ brood of chicks, in which nestlings are fed at a fixed location, meerkat pups
are ’mobile’ and become spread out. The question arises whether meerkat pups that experience different constraints to those
facing chicks have evolved similar begging strategies. This paper describes the vocalisations that meerkat pups emit in the
context of begging and investigates the influence of these calls on food allocation by older group members and on the behaviour
of littermates. Meerkat pups use two types of calls when soliciting food from a potential feeder. The most common is a ’repeat’
call, which pups emit continuously when following an older forager over several hours a day. In addition, when a potential
feeder finds a prey item, the pups next to it emit a bout of calls with increased calling rate, amplitude and fundamental
frequency, termed ’high-pitched’ calls. Observations, together with playback experiments, showed that more prey was allocated
to pups that called longer and more intensely. The pup closest to a feeder was almost always fed. The probability of emitting
high-pitched calls did not depend on the time since a pup had received food, and the change from repeat to high-pitched calls
occurred suddenly. The main function of the high-pitched call, therefore, does not appear to be to signal a pup’s hunger state.
More likely, the two calls, in the context of begging, may be an adaptation to energetic constraints in a mobile feeding system.
Pups, which are dispersed during foraging, may emit repeat calls over long periods to prevent potential feeders from eating
all the prey themselves. At the moment a potential feeder finds prey, pups may give the more intense high-pitched calls to
direct feeders to bring the food item to them and not to a littermate. Therefore, unlike the stationary feeding system where
chicks emit one type of begging call when the feeder approaches the nest, meerkats, with a mobile feeding system, have evolved
two discrete types of vocalisations in the context of begging.
Received: 22 November 1999 / Revised: 1 July 2000 / Accepted: 17 July 2000 相似文献
57.
T. Lubjuhn Wolfgang Winkel Jörg Thomas Epplen Jörg Brün 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(1):12-17
One of the most interesting aspects of the mating system of pied flycatchers is the regular occurrence of polygyny. Here we
present data on the reproductive success of polygynously paired pied flycatcher males compared to monogamous males based on
paternity analyses through DNA fingerprinting. Males paired with two females suffered a higher loss in reproductive output
per female compared to monogamous males due to (1) a greater proportion of unhatched eggs in their broods, (2) greater nestling
mortality and (3) a greater probability of being cuckolded. Nevertheless, the number of fledglings was significantly greater
for polygynous males. Based on the number of nestlings that returned for subsequent breeding seasons, however, the reproductive
success of monogamous and polygynous males did not differ significantly. These data raise the question as to why males attempt
polygyny.
Received: 16 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 18 March 2000 相似文献
58.
上海与伦敦城市绿地的生态功能及管理对策比较研究 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
在资料收集及实地采样调查的基础上 ,文章对上海与伦敦城市绿地的生态功能及管理对策进行了比较分析 ,指出了上海城市绿地建设及管理中的一些优点及不足之处。 相似文献
59.
60.
马智利 《城市环境与城市生态》1998,11(1):38-41
在分析重庆直辖市城镇化现状的基础上,针对重庆城镇网络中存在的问题,依据重庆发展城镇网络的优势,提出了建立新的城镇网络扔基本思路和构想,相关的对策与建议。 相似文献