全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2975篇 |
免费 | 230篇 |
国内免费 | 619篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 254篇 |
废物处理 | 46篇 |
环保管理 | 684篇 |
综合类 | 1539篇 |
基础理论 | 430篇 |
环境理论 | 3篇 |
污染及防治 | 147篇 |
评价与监测 | 127篇 |
社会与环境 | 395篇 |
灾害及防治 | 199篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 26篇 |
2023年 | 74篇 |
2022年 | 120篇 |
2021年 | 135篇 |
2020年 | 116篇 |
2019年 | 104篇 |
2018年 | 124篇 |
2017年 | 163篇 |
2016年 | 182篇 |
2015年 | 156篇 |
2014年 | 131篇 |
2013年 | 204篇 |
2012年 | 212篇 |
2011年 | 234篇 |
2010年 | 188篇 |
2009年 | 164篇 |
2008年 | 146篇 |
2007年 | 183篇 |
2006年 | 208篇 |
2005年 | 150篇 |
2004年 | 103篇 |
2003年 | 120篇 |
2002年 | 106篇 |
2001年 | 83篇 |
2000年 | 70篇 |
1999年 | 49篇 |
1998年 | 41篇 |
1997年 | 27篇 |
1996年 | 25篇 |
1995年 | 22篇 |
1994年 | 18篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有3824条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Background, Aim and Scope Air quality is an field of major concern in large cities. This problem has led administrations to introduce plans and regulations
to reduce pollutant emissions. The analysis of variations in the concentration of pollutants is useful when evaluating the
effectiveness of these plans. However, such an analysis cannot be undertaken using standard statistical techniques, due to
the fact that concentrations of atmospheric pollutants often exhibit a lack of normality and are autocorrelated. On the other
hand, if long-term trends of any pollutant’s emissions are to be detected, meteorological effects must be removed from the
time series analysed, due to their strong masking effects.
Materials and Methods The application of statistical methods to analyse temporal variations is illustrated using monthly carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations
observed at an urban site. The sampling site is located at a street intersection in central Valencia (Spain) with a high traffic
density. Valencia is the third largest city in Spain. It is a typical Mediterranean city in terms of its urban structure and
climatology. The sampling site started operation in January 1994 and monitored CO ground level concentrations until February
2002. Its geographic coordinates are W0°22′52″ N39°28′05″ and its altitude is 11 m. Two nonparametric trend tests are applied.
One of these is robust against serial correlation with regards to the false rejection rate, when observations have a strong
persistence or when the sample size per month is small. A nonparametric analysis of the homogeneity of trends between seasons
is also discussed. A multiple linear regression model is used with the transformed data, including the effect of meteorological
variables. The method of generalized least squares is applied to estimate the model parameters to take into account the serial
dependence of the residuals of this model. This study also assesses temporal changes using the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter.
The KZ filter has been shown to be an effective way to remove the influence of meteorological conditions on O3 and PM to examine underlying trends.
Results The nonparametric tests indicate a decreasing, significant trend in the sampled site. The application of the linear model
yields a significant decrease every twelve months of 15.8% for the average monthly CO concentration. The 95% confidence interval
for the trend ranges from 13.9% to 17.7%. The seasonal cycle also provides significant results. There are no differences in
trends throughout the months. The percentage of CO variance explained by the linear model is 90.3%. The KZ filter separates
out long, short-term and seasonal variations in the CO series. The estimated, significant, long-term trend every year results
in 10.3% with this method. The 95% confidence interval ranges from 8.8% to 11.9%. This approach explains 89.9% of the CO temporal
variations.
Discussion The differences between the linear model and KZ filter trend estimations are due to the fact that the KZ filter performs the
analysis on the smoothed data rather than the original data. In the KZ filter trend estimation, the effect of meteorological
conditions has been removed. The CO short-term componentis attributable to weather and short-term fluctuations in emissions.
There is a significant seasonal cycle. This component is a result of changes in the traffic, the yearly meteorological cycle
and the interactions between these two factors. There are peaks during the autumn and winter months, which have more traffic
density in the sampled site. There is a minimum during the month of August, reflecting the very low level of vehicle emissions
which is a direct consequence of the holiday period.
Conclusions The significant, decreasing trend implies to a certain extent that the urban environment in the area is improving. This trend
results from changes in overall emissions, pollutant transport, climate, policy and economics. It is also due to the effect
of introducing reformulated gasoline. The additives enable vehicles to burn fuel with a higher air/fuel ratio, thereby lowering
the emission of CO. The KZ filter has been the most effective method to separate the CO series components and to obtain an
estimate of the long-term trend due to changes in emissions, removing the effect of meteorological conditions.
Recommendations and Perspectives Air quality managers and policy-makers must understand the link between climate and pollutants to select optimal pollutant
reduction strategies and avoid exceeding emission directives. This paper analyses eight years of ambient CO data at a site
with a high traffic density, and provides results that are useful for decision-making. The assessment of long-term changes
in air pollutants to evaluate reduction strategies has to be done while taking into account meteorological variability 相似文献
2.
南秀杰 《辽宁城乡环境科技》2007,27(2):62-64
介绍生态平衡城市的基本条件及抚顺市在建设生态平衡型城市中的基本状况的基础上提出了相关的措施。根据归纳和调查目前抚顺市在经济发展的9项指标中只有2项,环境保护指标15项中只有8项满足生态平衡型城市方面的指标。这说明抚顺市在这方面还存在着很大差距,于是文中进一步提出了相关建议和措施。 相似文献
3.
全球化和城市化使得世界城市发展面临着严重的生态环境问题与挑战,城市可持续性是解决这些问题的根本出路.本文利用欧洲城市改造的案例对城市可持续性进行了分析和研究,通过城市可持续性的原则、特点和影响因素分析,重点讨论了欧洲地方环境行动计划,以及项目特点、预算来源、战略目标、管理形式和行动计划与方案,指出切实可行的行动计划、普遍的公众参与、充足的资金来源、相关利益人的协作体、信息技术应用是城市可持续性和竞争力提升的根本保证. 相似文献
4.
研究了柴油机掺烧液化石油气(LPG)以降低黑烟排放的技术方案,并开发出了一种以独特型板调节装置为特征的机械控制式柴油/LPG双燃料供给系统。发动机不改变原有结构加装该系统后即成为柴油/LPG双燃料发动机,可以同时燃烧柴油和LPG两种燃料,并且在整个工作范围内,随着工况变化能够按照预先优化设定的型板型线规律而自动调节柴油/LPG供给量比例,使烟度降低50%以上,同时满足经济性、动力性以及操作性能等要求,此外,也可以切换为单独燃烧柴油,而不改变发动机的原有性能。该系统结构简单、成本低廉,非常适合于改装城市在用公交车,降低其黑烟排放。 相似文献
5.
Occurence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ankara Precipitation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Urban atmospheric environment contains many trace organic pollutants that are related to the incomplete fuel combustion in domestic heating, industrial plants and automobile traffic. Removal of these pollutants from the atmosphere takes place through wet and dry deposition as well as chemical transformations. In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wet deposition samples were determined at an urban site of Turkey. Wet and dry deposition samples were collected using Andersen Rain Sampler. The sampler was modified accordingly for the collection of organic pollutants. Collected samples were preconcentrated by using solid phase extraction (SPE) disks and consecutively analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the 13 compounds quantified in this study, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were found more frequently and at elevated concentrations (202, 271 and 260 ng L-1 mean concentrations, respectively).Concentrations of PAHs were found to be high in winter period. 相似文献
6.
Christopher R. Ellis Jerry Champlin Heinz G. Stefan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(6):1363-1374
ABSTRACT: Evidence is presented that snowmelt runoff from an urban watershed can produce density current intrusions (underflows) in a lake. Several episodes of density current intrusions are documented. Water temperatures and salinities measured near the bottom of a 10 m deep Minneapolis lake during the late winter warming periods in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1995 show significant rapid changes which are correlated with observed higher air temperatures and snowmelt runoff. The snowmelt runoff entering this particular lake (Ryan Lake) has increased electrical conductivity, salinity, and density. The source of the salinity is the salt spread on urban streets in the winter. Heating of littoral waters in spring may also contribute to the occurrence of the sinking flows, but is clearly not the only cause. 相似文献
7.
指出城镇污水处理厂总量减排存在的问题,提出从水量核查、水质核查和运行状况核查等3方面对城镇污水处理厂现场核查,以此对城镇污水处理厂COD减排进行核算。 相似文献
8.
上海与伦敦城市绿地的生态功能及管理对策比较研究 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
在资料收集及实地采样调查的基础上 ,文章对上海与伦敦城市绿地的生态功能及管理对策进行了比较分析 ,指出了上海城市绿地建设及管理中的一些优点及不足之处。 相似文献
9.
马智利 《城市环境与城市生态》1998,11(1):38-41
在分析重庆直辖市城镇化现状的基础上,针对重庆城镇网络中存在的问题,依据重庆发展城镇网络的优势,提出了建立新的城镇网络扔基本思路和构想,相关的对策与建议。 相似文献
10.
一种城市生态系统健康评价方法及其应用 总被引:50,自引:3,他引:50
将健康概念引入城市生态系统研究,从复合生态系统角度评价和辨析城市生态环境问题,为生态城市建设提供决策依据极具现实意义.基于城市复合生态系统健康内涵,提出用距离指数和协调指数表征系统发展水平和协调状况,构建整合距离指数和协调指数的城市生态系统健康评价模型,并设定了城市生态系统健康状态的评价标准,建立城市生态系统健康评价指标体系.对宁波的实例分析揭示了宁波城市生态系统健康特征和地域空间分布,表明模型能够很好地辨识城市生态系统的复合特征和地域空间特征,指示城市生态规划和建设的重点行动领域,为城市实施可持续发展战略提供决策依据. 相似文献