Costs and benefits of urban erosion and sediment control: The North Carolina experience

The EPA’s new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will soon institutionalize urban erosion and sediment pollution control practices nationwide. The public and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina’s program (one of the strongest programs in the country in terms of implementation authority, staffing levels, and comprehensiveness of coverage) are examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating to the likely burden the new best management practices will have on the development industry, the likely costs and benefits of such a program, and the feasibility of running a program on a cost recovery basis. We found that urban erosion and sediment control requirements were not particularly burdensome to the development industry (adding about 4% on average to development costs). Public-sector program costs ranged between $2.4 and $4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. Our contingent valuation survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina are willing to pay somewhere between $7.1 and $14.2 million a year to maintain current levels of sediment pollution control. Our benefit-cost analysis suggests that the overall ratio is likely to be positive, although a definitive figure is elusive. Lastly, we found that several North Carolina localities have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing. This article is based on research by the authors for the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources (DEHNR). The views are those of the research team and do not necessarily reflect the position of DEHNR.     

气候旱涝灾害诊断及其防抗服务

本文采取改进的“ＢＭ”方法，分旬、分县（市）客观、定量诊断气候旱涝灾害，进而模拟未来旬由旱（涝）转为正常所需的降水量（或无雨旬数）及其出现的气候概率。并在此基础上设计应用服务的实施方案．有效地提高防抗灾害的决策能力。     

基于SAVEE方法的海岛空间价值评价——以南沙群岛为例

对SAVEE评价方法的理论基础、分析步骤、应用条件和优缺点进行了系统归纳和总结,构建了SAVEE评价分析模型。以南沙群岛的空间价值评价为例开展实证研究,尝试将SAVEE方法应用于海岛空间价值评价。结果表明:SAVEE评价法计算简便,可操作性强,能够量化体现每个因子价值,评价结果清晰易懂。SAVEE为空间价值评价方法提供了新的选择,具有极大的应用前景。     

渤海石油平台溢油生态环境损害评估系统开发研究

为了准确评估渤海石油平台溢油对生态环境造成的损害,本文对国内外溢油生态损害评估方法进行了梳理,选择出适当的评估方法应用于渤海石油平台溢油生态损害评估中,实现了对海域的环境容量损失、生态服务功能损失和天然渔业损失的评估,最后借助计算机技术完成了生态损害评估的系统开发.模型的运行结果验证了模型的科学性和实用性,能够为有关部...     

武汉城乡人群对农田生态补偿标准的意愿分析

应用意愿调查法模拟测算出武汉市城乡居民对于农田生态补偿标准的意愿.研究表明,化肥及农药施用量在分别减少50%、100%等不同限制强度下,农户愿意供给农田生态服务并接受补偿的人数比例在69.32%~85.25%,城镇居民需求农田生态服务并赞同政府提供补偿的比例在80.22%~85.16%.不同施用限制下,农户认为政府应提供3928.88~8367.00元/(hm2×a)的经济补偿,城镇居民愿意政府向农户提供3354.75~8016.9元/(hm2×a)的补偿.从模拟的农产品交易市场出发,农户愿意供给化肥、农药施用限制的农产品的人数比例在54.29%~82.12%,城镇居民愿意以较高的价格购买环境友好农产品的人数比例在71.98%~82.42%.以稻米为例,农户愿意高出普通稻米1.65~2.66元/kg的价格生产环境友好农产品,价格增幅42.52%~68.45%;城镇居民愿意以高出普通稻米0.78~1.82元/kg的价格购买农产品,高出普通稻米均价20.08%~46.92%.     

基于农户受偿意愿的农田生态补偿额度测算——以武汉市的调查为实证

农业环境政策已成为西方发达国家激励乡村适宜景观地保护的有效方式,有利于克服农田生态环境供给的不足,鼓励农户逐渐向绿色农业、生态农业或有机农业的方向发展。以武汉市农户的调查为实证,应用意愿调查法构建模拟的农田生态补偿政策及交易市场,从减少农业负外部性行为,对农民放弃一定程度化肥、农药等化学物质的施用所带来的损失给予补偿的角度,测算出农户对农田生态环境补偿的意愿及额度。研究表明:①当化肥农药施用在减少50%、100%等不同的限制标准下,受访农户愿意生产及供给农田生态服务的人数比例在69.32%~85.25%,并认为政府应分别向农户补偿3 928.88~8 367.00元/ hm²·a,与农户按生产经验判断的减产幅度、增加的管理难度和工时相近;②从模拟的农产品交易市场出发,受访农户中愿意生产并供给化肥、农药施用量在不同限制标准下的农产品的比例在54.29%~82.12%,愿意以高出当前普通农产品1.65~2.67元/kg的价格生产环境友好型农产品,价格增幅在42.52%~68.45%。     

我国城镇居民对CO2减排的支付意愿调查研究

运用权变评价法(CVM)调查了我国城镇居民对CO2减排的支付意愿.结果表明,我国城镇居民愿意为到2050年全球CO2减排30%而每年支付132元;减排60%而每年支付216元;减排85%而每年支付264元.一般线性回归模型分析结果显示,城镇居民的受教育程度、家庭年收入、职业类型、所在城市、对气候变化的认知程度和环境意识,都对CO2减排的支付意愿有显著影响; 而且不同的CO2减排成本分配方案对人们的支付意愿也有显著影响.     

Preferences and willingness to pay for close to home nature for outdoor recreation in Sweden

In Sweden there is a strong tradition of using nature areas for outdoor recreation. This paper reports on a study which explored preferences and willingness to pay for outdoor recreation close to home (≤100 km away from home and ≤24 hours stay at a recreation site) using the contingent valuation method. The data originated from a mail survey that involved Swedish residents who were randomly selected from a national register. An ordinary least squares regression model was used to account for factors influencing willingness to pay. The results showed that approximately 50% of the respondents used nature areas close to their home for recreation and their average frequency of visits to these areas was 74 times annually. Areas dominated by forests were the most preferred, followed by water. The respondents were willing to pay approximately 7200 SEK (US$1080) annually. Their willingness to pay was influenced by factors such as type of nature area, distance to and time spent at the recreation site and income. The results provide one input to the land use planning process by considering the demand for nature-based outdoor recreation close to home.     

Environmental effects of shipping imports from China and their economic valuation: the case of metallic valve components

This paper aims to consider the total cost, including polluting environmental emissions, of imports from China to Europe of five valve components in aluminium, steel and iron. These are compared with locally produced alternatives to investigate whether internalising such external costs affects their price competitiveness. Seaborne trade represents 90% of international trade and is growing faster than the world’s economy, but marine pollution emissions are not reflected in market prices. Chinese aluminium, iron and steel production are about 2.5 times more polluting than their European counterparts, but this is also not reflected in prices. In this paper both types of extra emissions are calculated, valued and added to the cost of the components analysed, for comparison with locally produced alternatives. The locally produced components generally remain uncompetitive with Chinese imports for all likely values of external cost, except for heavy aluminium components under high external cost assumptions. The Chinese iron components analysed are simply too low in cost for European (in this case Spanish) equivalents to be competitive even allowing for environmental costs; while the stainless steel ones are so small and light that transport cost, even including externalities, is not significant. While these specific results are of limited generalizability, they provide insight into an issue of considerable and growing importance. Some suggestions are offered for further research.     

生态系统服务的三元价值理论及在大尺度生态补偿上的应用探讨

传统的生态系统服务价值评估方法在生态补偿具体实践中仍存在一些困境。本研究提出生态系统服务功能的三元价值理论,通过能值方法剥离纯自然贡献带来的服务价值、自然贡献和人类投入共同作用形成的服务价值及基于人类偏好的存在价值这三类价值,通过自然贡献可以确定生态补偿的理论基线,而人工投入(基于人类投入绩效的支付)和存在价值(基于偏好的支付)可对基线进行二级修正,进一步提出了利用三元价值理论系统解决"生态系统服务—受益区—补偿方式—补偿标准—受偿主体"问题的生态补偿路径。