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221.
Air quality and related health effects are not only affected by policies directly addressed at air pollution but also by other environmental strategies such as climate mitigation. This study addresses how different climate policy pathways indirectly bear upon air pollution in terms of improved human health in Europe. To this end, we put in perspective mitigation costs and monetised health benefits of reducing PM2.5 (particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter) and ozone concentrations.Air quality in Europe and related health impacts were assessed using a comprehensive modelling chain, based on global and regional climate and chemistry-transport models together with a health impact assessment tool. This allows capturing both the impact of climate policy on emissions of air pollutants and the geophysical impact of climate change on air quality.Results are presented for projections at the 2050 horizon, for a set of consistent air pollution and climate policy scenarios, combined with population data from the UN's World Population Prospects, and are expressed in terms of morbidity and mortality impacts of PM2.5 and ozone pollution and their monetised damage equivalent.The analysis shows that enforcement of current European air quality policies would effectively reduce health impacts from PM2.5 in Europe even in the absence of climate policies (life years lost from the exposure to PM2.5 decrease by 78% between 2005 and 2050 in the reference scenario), while impacts for ozone depend on the ambition level of international climate policies. A move towards stringent climate policies on a global scale, in addition to limiting global warming, creates co-benefits in terms of reduced health impacts (68% decrease in life years lost from the exposure to PM2.5 and 85% decrease in premature deaths from ozone in 2050 in the mitigation scenario relative to the reference scenario) and air pollution cost savings (77%) in Europe. These co-benefits are found to offset at least 85% of the additional cost of climate policy in this region. 相似文献
222.
Economic aspects of possible land use strategies and protection measures in coastal zones as a response to global environmental
change are examined. First, some key elements are mentioned that are of critical importance for water and land management
in coastal zones. Next, various socio-economic repercussions are discussed. In this context, research needs will be addressed.
Subsequently, these issues are considered for the case of The Netherlands. It is concluded that integrated modelling and analysis
is just starting and needs to receive more attention in order to study long run economic costs, benefits and changes in coastal
zones. 相似文献
223.
Zou Wenbo 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2013,11(2):68-74
Abstract In light of the practical need for research to inform policy in Beijing, this study evaluates the economic cost of the impact of PM10 pollution in Beijing from 2001 to 2006, taking health as the main impact, and mortality as the main outcome. Based on the literature review, this study adopts relatively conservative parameters as the basis for calculating the health impacts. It concludes that nearly 30% of mortality among registered residents above age 30 in Beijing can be attributed to PM10 pollution, and that the economic cost equals 0.8%–1.2% of the city’s GDP over the same period. This is lower than the results of previous studies, but still high enough to warrant a commitment to solve the city’s air pollution problem. 相似文献
224.
通过安全检查表修正作业条件危险性分析法,进一步改进和完善了作业条件危险性分析法,采用修正后的作业条件危险性分析法对评价项目进行评价,评价结果能够更好地体现评价项目的实际风险等级.通过氧气站的评价实例,介绍了评价方法的具体应用,对适用情况进行了对比分析. 相似文献
225.
The impact pathway approach (IPA) is used to estimate quantitatively the level of health effects caused by particulate matter
(PM10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission from a lignite-fired power plant located in the Mae Moh area in northern region of Thailand. Health benefits are
then assessed by comparing the levels of estimated health impacts without and with the installation of the flue gas desulfurization
(FGD) equipment. The US EPA industrial source complex model is used to model air pollution dispersion at the local scale,
and the sector average limited mixing meso-scale model is used to model air pollution transport at the regional scale. The
quantification of the health end points in physical terms is carried out using the dose–response functions established recently
for the population in Bangkok, Thailand. Monetarization of these effects is based on the benefit transfer method with appropriate
adjustment. Finally, it has been found that the installation of the FGD to control SO2 emission at Mae Moh significantly reduces adverse health effects not only on the population living near the power plant but
also all over the country. A FGD unit installed at the 300-MW power unit can result, on average, in 16 fewer cases of acute
mortality, 12 fewer cases of respiratory and cardiac hospital admissions, and almost 354,000 fewer days with acute respiratory
symptoms annually. In monetary terms this benefit is equivalent to US $18.2 million (1995 prices) per annum. This benefit
is much higher than the annualized investment and operation costs of FGD (US $7.4 million/yr). 相似文献
226.
David Humphreys 《Resources Policy》1983,9(3):169-176
The concept of value is central to mineral economics as it is all branches of economics. In the minerals sphere particular problems are posed for a theory of value by, firstly, the non- renewability of mineral resources, secondly the substantial effort that must be made to convert a mineral into a useful product, and finally the perception of minerals, both economically and symbolically, as peculiarly national forms of wealth. Some thoughts are offered on different approaches to mineral resource valuation and on the frequently conflicting principles of exploitation to which these various approaches give rise. 相似文献
227.
Nancy A. Connelly Tommy L. Brown Jonathan W. Brown 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2007,43(4):1016-1023
Abstract: The purpose of this article was to show how the value of recreational boating can be assessed and how that value can be linked to water levels. Data were gathered via a survey of recreational boaters to determine days boated and willingness‐to‐pay (net economic value) for boating on Lake Ontario and on the St. Lawrence River in 2002. Depth measurements were taken at marinas and yacht clubs, boat launch ramps, and private docks. Stage‐damage curves were used to pinpoint at what water levels and to what extent boaters would be impacted. Boaters recreated an estimated 1.3 million days in 2002 and spent an estimated US$178 million in New York counties bordering Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. The mean net economic value per day per boat (above current expenditures) was $69.36, with an estimated total net economic value of US$90 million. Using Lake Ontario as an example, the stage‐damage curves show that the overall negative impact would be small, between 245 and 248 ft. Maintaining water levels within that range for the entire boating season would be ideal for Lake Ontario boaters and associated businesses. 相似文献
228.
Mark Sagoff 《Environmental management》1996,20(6):897-911
This paper describes two frameworks—utilitarian and Kantian—society uses to make decisions concerning environmental management and, in particular, species protection. The utilitarian framework emphasizes the consequences of choices for prior preferences. A perfectly competitive market, on this model, correctly values environmental resources. The Kantian approach identifies rules appropriate to recognized situations given the identity of the decision maker. It relies on democratic political processes and institutions to provide the means by which citizens determine the identity of their community—its moral character and aspirations—and match appropriate rules to recognized situations. This paper argues that markets do not fail in any general way in measuring the economic value of plants and animals. Market prices, in general, correctly represent the marginal or exchange value of species. If society legislates against extinction, this must be understood as an exercise in Kantian decision making in view of the moral value of species, not as an attempt to correct a market failure or to promote social welfare or utility. 相似文献
229.
230.