基于利益相关方意愿调查的东江流域生态补偿机制探讨

流域生态补偿已经成为解决流域生态环境保护问题、协调流域上下游利益冲突的重要手段之一。以东江流域为例,通过实地问卷调查和条件价值评估法评估流域上下游利益相关方生态补偿意愿,并探讨构建东江流域生态补偿机制。流域生态补偿意愿调查结果表明,流域内居民对东江流域生态环境保护有很高的积极性,对建立流域生态补偿机制有较高的认同度;下游地区城市居民平均支付意愿为332.7-364.5元/（年·户）,上游农民对于林地保护的平均受偿意愿为360.75元/（年·hm^2）;通过回归分析发现,受教育水平、收入、自来水水质对支付意愿影响显著,而受偿意愿受性别和受教育水平影响明显;充分考虑并协调好流域上下游利益相关方的诉求对东江流域生态环境保护和生态补偿机制的建立有着重要的现实意义。     

Private Actions and Preferences for Coordinated Groundwater Conservation in Colorado's Republican River Basin

Conservation of groundwater resources is critical for maintaining the future productivity of irrigated land in the Ogallala Aquifer Region and beyond. This research explores motivations and behavior related to groundwater conservation among agricultural producers in the Colorado portion of the Republican River Basin, which is part of the Ogallala Aquifer. The empirical modeling uses data from a recently conducted survey to analyze how a common set of producer, farm, and resource characteristics influence groundwater values, concern for future groundwater availability, private conservation actions, and support for coordinated conservation efforts. We find two factors, producer age and land owner status, are consistently correlated with the key conservation‐related outcomes we evaluate. More generally, the results suggest considerable similarities in the characteristics that drive private conservation actions and support for coordinated conservation. This knowledge could be used to better target and incentivize future groundwater conservation efforts in the region. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

环境与生态系统服务价值的WTA/WTP不对称

支付意愿(WTP)和受偿意愿(WTA)是条件价值法(CVM)研究中环境与生态系统服务价值的两类不同表征尺度,对同一环境物品的WTP和WTA往往存在显著不对称性.以上海某城市河流生态系统服务评价为例,基于CVM研究方法,对WTP和WTA进行了对比分析和探讨.研究表明:(1)WTP和WTA的不对称性在案例研究中得到反映,WTA/WTP的平均值比值为7.02,中点值比值为6.18,两个比例与国际已有研究的一般范围较为接近;(2)WTA不受收入等变量约束,但受学历、家庭人口等变量的影响,尤其与WTP呈显著正向关联,显示WTA作为环境资源价值的表征尺度亦可能具有一定有效性;(3)WTA/WTP不对称的主要决定因素为收入和学历.WTA/WTP不对称的一个重要环境管理学含义在于,破坏或污染相同质量或数量的环境资源所引起的福利损失,将远大于保护和改善环境资源所引起的福利改进,而不是两者相等.     

池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务价值的实证研究

生态服务价值的评估对于研究人员、政策制定者和公众都有重大意义,而农业生态系统价值往往集中于食物的供给价值,而生态系统的调控服务价值、支持服务价值和文化服务价值往往被忽略。空气调控服务属于生态系统调控服务中的一种,通过按季度检测池塘养殖水体的叶绿素a含量,计算养殖池塘的初级生产力,再以工业制氧法、碳税法和造林成本法估算了常规鱼类池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务价值。结果表明：常规鱼类池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务总价值为63 42248 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2。考虑到系统内部耗氧和向系统外释放含碳气体导致的价值损失,常规鱼类池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务总净价值为28 88674 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2,其中固碳净价值为 25 46328 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2,释放氧气的净价值为3 42346 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2。相较44 0221 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2的池塘养殖水产品的市场价值,空气调节服务价值超过养殖水产品市场价值的一半以上,表明池塘养殖的生态服务价值对人类社会的贡献不可忽视。研究认为,由于池塘藻类的高增长率,常规水产池塘养殖系统空气调节服务价值高于一些种植业生态系统的空气调节服务价值。     

Indirect assessment of economic damages from the Prestige oil spill: consequences for liability and risk prevention

The social losses arising from the Prestige oil spill exceed the compensation granted under the IOPC (International Oil Pollution Compensation) system, with losses estimated at 15 times more than the applicable limit of compensations. This is far above the level of costs for which those responsible for hydrocarbons spills are liable. The highest market losses correspond to sectors of extraction, elaboration and commercialisation of seafood. However, damages to non-commercial natural resources could constitute an outstanding group of losses for which further primary data are needed: these losses would only be compensable under the current system by means of a refund for cleaning and restoration costs. Results show that, in Europe, the responsibility for oil spills in maritime transport is limited and unclear. The consequence of this is net social losses from recurrent oil spills and internationally accepted incentives for risky strategies in the marine transport of hydrocarbons.     

A Benefit‐Cost Analysis of Total Maximum Daily Load Implementation1

Abstract: Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) implementation generates benefits and costs from water quality improvements, which are rarely quantified. This analysis examines a TMDL written to address bacteria and aquatic‐life‐use impairments on Abrams and Opequon Creeks in Virginia. Benefits were estimated using a contingent valuation survey of local residents. Costs were based on the number and type of best management practices (BMPs) necessary to achieve TMDL pollution reduction goals. BMPs were quantified using watershed‐scale water quality simulation models (Generalized Watershed Loading Function and Hydrological Simulation Program‐FORTRAN). Based on our projections, the costs to achieve TMDL induced pollution reduction goals outweigh the estimated benefits. Benefit‐cost ratios ranged between 0.1 and 0.3.     

Development of a Concept for Non-monetary Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services at the Site Level

Determining the performance of ecosystem services at the city or regional level cannot accurately take into account the fine differences between green or gray structures. The supply of regulating ecosystem services in, for instance, parks can differ as parks vary in their land cover composition. A comprehensive ecosystem service assessment approach also needs to reflect land use to consider the demands placed on ecosystem services, which are mostly neglected by current research yet important for urban planning. For instance, if a sealed surface is no longer used, it could be unsealed to improve ecosystem service supply. Because of these scientific shortcomings, this article argues for a conceptual framework for the non-monetary assessment of urban ecosystem services at the site scale. This paper introduces a standardized method for selecting representative sites and evaluating their supply of and demand on ecosystem services. The conceptual design is supplemented by examples of Salzburg, Austria.     

三峡库区农村生活垃圾处理支付意愿及影响因素分析

农村生活垃圾的集中化、科学化处理对改善农村居民生活环境和农业生产环境具有重要意义。而农户对农村生活垃圾处理的支付意愿对农村生活环境的改善具有关键性作用。采用条件价值评估法(CVM)分析了三峡库区农户对处理生活垃圾的支付意愿及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)农户对农村生活垃圾处理的平均支付意愿为48元/a;(2)户主年龄、文化程度以及对环境是否关心对当地农户处理生活垃圾的支付意愿有极显著影响。户主年龄和文化程度对生活垃圾处理的支付意愿的影响为正,说明农户年龄越大、文化程度越高,对生活垃圾处理的支付意愿就越强烈。农户对环境的关心程度为正,表示农户越关心环境,对生活垃圾处理的支付意愿就越强烈。最后,提出相关建议:制定政策时要充分考虑农户的个体特征和自身利益;加强教育,提高农户的文化水平;加强环境保护宣传,提高农户的环境认知和环保意识。     

可持续发展定量研究的几种新方法评介

可持续发展衡量的指标体系及其评价方法和模型研究是可持续发展研究的重要内容,它可以为政府的可持续发展决策提供重要的科学依据和优先考虑的问题,还可以为公众提供可持续发展的有效信息。在分析国际上和国内衡量可持续发展的指标体系的基础上,本文介绍了９０年代中期以来国际上提出的几种新的、有代表性的基于货币化估值的指标体系和以具体生物物理衡量的指标体系,并系统分析比较了它们的优特点。     

Investigating habitat value to inform contaminant remediation options: approach

Habitat valuation methods are most often developed and used to prioritize candidate lands for conservation. In this study the intent of habitat valuation was to inform the decision-making process for remediation of chemical contaminants on specific lands or surface water bodies. Methods were developed to summarize dimensions of habitat value for six representative aquatic and terrestrial contaminated sites at the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) on the US Department of Energy Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Several general valuation metrics were developed for three broad categories: site use by groups of organisms, site rarity, and use value added from spatial context. Examples of use value metrics are taxa richness, a direct measure of number of species that inhabit an area, complexity of habitat structure, an indirect measure of potential number of species that may use the area, and land use designation, a measure of the length of time that the area will be available for use. Measures of rarity included presence of rare species or communities. Examples of metrics for habitat use value added from spatial context included similarity or complementarity of neighboring habitat patches and presence of habitat corridors. More specific metrics were developed for groups of organisms in contaminated streams, ponds, and terrestrial ecosystems. For each of these metrics, cutoff values for high, medium, and low habitat value were suggested, based on available information on distributions of organisms and landscape features, as well as habitat use information. A companion paper describes the implementation of these habitat valuation metrics and scoring criteria in the remedial investigation for ETTP.