猪场废水污灌土壤的Cr和Ni空间变异及积累分析

为了解长期施用猪场废水对农田土壤Cr和Ni(以下简称重金属)的影响,采集了河北省京安猪场周边农田清洁区和灌溉8年猪场废水的污灌区耕层(0～20cm)共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品中pH、养分及重金属全量和有效态含量,应用GIS结合地统计学方法对重金属进行了空间结构和分布特征分析,探讨规模化猪场周边农田土壤重金属积累的影响因子及其贡献。结果表明,Cr和Ni全量和有效态含量变异函数理论模型均符合球状模型,具有中等程度自相关。根据背景调查,重金属与pH值和土壤养分的相关性分析以及重金属变异函数分析,研究区土壤Cr和Ni主要受成土母质的影响,受污灌猪场废水影响不大。富集因子分析表明,污灌猪场废水对土壤Cr和Ni几乎没有积累。灌溉猪场废水会降低土壤pH值,提高土壤Cr和Ni有效态含量。     

Viability Analysis of Reef Fish Populations Based on Limited Demographic Information

Abstract:  Marine protected areas (MPAs) that allow some degree of artisanal fishing have been proposed to control the overexploitation of marine resources while allowing extraction by local communities. Nevertheless, the management of MPAs is often impaired by the absence of data on the status of their resources. We devised a method to estimate population growth rates with the type of data that are usually available for reef fishes. We used 7 years of spatially explicit abundance data on the leopard grouper ( Mycteroperca rosacea ) in an MPA in the Gulf of California, Mexico, to construct a matrix population model that incorporated the effects of El Niño/La Niña Southern Oscillation on population dynamics. An environmental model that estimated different demographic estimates for El Niño and La Niña periods performed better than a single-environment model, and a single-habitat model performed better than a model that considered different depths as different habitats. Our results suggest that the population of the leopard grouper off the main island of the MPA is not viable under present conditions. Although the impact of fishing on leopard grouper populations in the MPA has not yet been established, fishing should be closed as a precautionary measure at this island if a priority of the MPA is to ensure the sustainability of its fish populations.     

Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Its Loss in Mammalian Populations

Abstract:  Policy aimed at conserving biodiversity has focused on species diversity. Loss of genetic diversity, however, can affect population persistence, evolutionary potential, and individual fitness. Although mammals are a well-studied taxonomic group, a comprehensive assessment of mammalian genetic diversity based on modern molecular markers is lacking. We examined published microsatellite data from populations of 108 mammalian species to evaluate background patterns of genetic variability across taxa and body masses. We tested for loss of genetic diversity at the population level by asking whether populations that experienced demographic threats exhibited lower levels of genetic diversity. We also evaluated the effect of ascertainment bias (a reduction in variability when microsatellite primers are transferred across species) on our assessment of genetic diversity. Heterozygosity did not vary with body mass across species ranging in size from shrews to whales. Differences across taxonomic groupings were noted at the highest level, between populations of marsupial and placental mammals. We documented consistently lower heterozygosity, however, in populations that had experienced demographic threats across a wide range of mammalian species. We also documented a significant ( p = 0.01) reduction in heterozygosity as a result of ascertainment bias. Our results suggest that populations of both rare and common mammals are currently losing genetic diversity and that conservation efforts focused above the population level may fail to protect the breadth of persisting genetic diversity. Conservation policy makers may need to focus their efforts below the species level to stem further losses of genetic resources.     

Effects of intracolony variability in behavioral development on plasticity of division of labor in honey bee colonies

There is a genetic component to plasticity in age polyethism in honey bee colonies, such that workers of some genotypes become precocious foragers more readily than do workers of other genotypes, in colonies lacking older bees. Using colonies composed of workers from two identifiable genotype groups, we determined that intracolony differences in the likelihood of becoming a precocious forager are a consequence of differences in rates of behavioral development that are also evident under conditions leading to normal development. An alternative hypothesis, that differences in the likelihood of becoming a precocious forager are due to differences in general sensitivity to altered colony conditions, was not supported. In three out of three trials, workers from the genotype group that was more likely to exhibit precocious foraging in single cohort colonies also foraged at relatively younger ages in colonies in which workers exhibited normal behavioral development. In contrast, in three out of three trials, workers from the genotype group that was more likely to exhibit precocious foraging in single-cohort colonies did not show disproportionately more overaged nursing in colonies in which workers exhibited delayed development. These results indicate that genotypic differences in plasticity in age-related division of labor are based on genotypic differences in rates of behavioral development.     

论我国降水丰度和适度

本文以全球陆地年平均降水量、农田蒸散量和作物需水量等指标为尺度,衡量我国降水量的丰度,从降水的时空分布,及其稳定性等方面评价我国降水量的适度,从经济现状分析我国降水条件对国土开发的影响程度,并和欧美各国对比,说明我国降水条件的优劣程度,指出我国的降水条件和降水量不是黄万里先生所说的那样优越和丰富。     

Adaptive Management and Climate Change Adaptation: Two Mutually Beneficial Areas of Practice

Adaptive management (AM) is a rigorous approach to implementing, monitoring, and evaluating actions, so as to learn and adjust those actions. Existing AM projects are at risk from climate change, and current AM guidance does not provide adequate methods to deal with this risk. Climate change adaptation (CCA) is an approach to plan and implement actions to reduce risks from climate variability and climate change, and to exploit beneficial opportunities. AM projects could be made more resilient to extreme climate events by applying the principles and procedures of CCA. To test this idea, we analyze the effects of extreme climatic events on five existing AM projects focused on ecosystem restoration and species recovery, in the Russian, Trinity, Okanagan, Platte, and Missouri River Basins. We examine these five case studies together to generate insights on how integrating CCA principles and practices into their design and implementation could improve their sustainability, despite significant technical and institutional challenges, particularly at larger scales. Although climate change brings substantial risks to AM projects, it may also provide opportunities, including creating new habitats, increasing the ability to quickly test flow‐habitat hypotheses, stimulating improvements in watershed management and water conservation, expanding the use of real‐time tools for flow management, and catalyzing creative application of CCA principles and procedures.     

Streamflow Forecasting Using Singular Value Decomposition and Support Vector Machine for the Upper Rio Grande River Basin

The current study improves streamflow forecast lead‐time by coupling climate information in a data‐driven modeling framework. The spatial–temporal correlation between streamflow and oceanic–atmospheric variability represented by sea surface temperature (SST), 500‐mbar geopotential height (Z₅₀₀), 500‐mbar specific humidity (SH₅₀₀), and 500‐mbar east–west wind (U₅₀₀) of the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean is obtained through singular value decomposition (SVD). SVD significant regions are weighted using a nonparametric method and utilized as input in a support vector machine (SVM) framework. The Upper Rio Grande River Basin (URGRB) is selected to test the applicability of the proposed model for the period of 1965–2014. The April–August streamflow volume is forecasted using previous year climate variability, creating a lagged relationship of 1–13 months. SVD results showed the streamflow variability was better explained by SST and U₅₀₀ as compared to Z₅₀₀ and SH₅₀₀. The SVM model showed satisfactory forecasting ability with best results achieved using a one‐month lead to forecast the following four‐month period. Overall, the SVM results showed excellent predictive ability with average correlation coefficient of 0.89 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.79. This study contributes toward identifying new SVD significant regions and improving streamflow forecast lead‐time of the URGRB.     

中国表层土壤中239+240Pu的空间分布与变异性研究

为了解中国表层土壤中^239+240Pu比活度和²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu的范围、空间分布以及变异性,利用统计分析和数学模型的方法,定量分析了1991~2019年中国表层土壤^239+240Pu比活度和²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu的范围,空间分布以及产生空间变异性的原因.结果表明：中国表层土壤中²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu比值集中在0.18的概率为99%,全球大气核试验沉降是中国表层土壤中^239+240Pu的主要来源;表层土壤中^239+240Pu比活度处于低放射水平（£1Bq/kg的概率为94%）,西北和东北地区的表层土壤中^239+240Pu比活度有较高的空间变异性.^239+240Pu分布的空间变异性受到大气混合、冠层效应、土壤粒度、有机质和迁移（横向迁移和纵向迁移）的影响.同时,本文系统梳理了计算表层土壤中^239+240Pu空间变异的数学模型,为定量评估^239+240Pu的环境水平提供有效的方法.     

Gender response and safe carrying load limit for sugar industry workers

This study investigates the safe carrying load limit in relation to gender of workers in the sugar industry. A total of 632 workers (male and female) were interviewed following a physiological and psycho-physiological methodology. All of these workers were in the age groups of 21–30, 31–40 and ≥41 years. In this study, for the physiological methodology, both field and laboratory data were collected, which included heart rate, heart rate variability, energy expenditure and maximum rate of oxygen consumption. Information regarding hemoglobin content, weight, age, lean body weight, etc., was recorded to know the physical health of the workers. In the psycho-physiological evaluation, load-carrying limits were determined by the psychophysical rating of the load by workers from the selected age groups. By considering the physiological stresses and psycho-physiological evaluation, the safe carrying load limit was determined in head and back mode for male and female workers as per their age groups.     

降水梯度序列下柠条林地土壤养分的空间变异

通过野外实地调查结合室内分析,研究陕西省境内不同降雨条件下的黄土高原同级树龄柠条林地土壤养分。结果表明,研究区土壤养分含量低,养分中有机质和全氮在降水梯度上的空间变异性显著;有机质和全氮含量在土壤剖面上表现为随着土层的加深逐渐减少,全磷含量在土壤剖面上表现为从表层到心土层逐渐降低,从心土层到底层逐渐增加;全钾含量在剖面上的规律与有机质和全氮相反;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量均随着降水梯度的增加而增加;有机质含量与全氮、全钾呈现极显著正相关,与全磷呈现显著正相关关系。