尖山河小流域土壤可蚀性K值空间变异研究

小流域尺度的土壤可蚀性 K 值空间分异特征及其与土地利用、植被类型、土壤理化性质等相关关系的研究,可以为小流域土壤侵蚀定量研究及综合治理决策提供科学依据。以云南省抚仙湖库区尖山河小流域为研究区,在大密度土壤采样和土壤理化性质测试分析的基础上,采用EPIC模型K值计算方法、地统计学方法和Kriging空间插值方法,计算分析了尖山河小流域土壤可蚀性K值的空间变异特征及土地利用/植被覆盖对K值的影响作用。结果表明,（1）研究区K值变化范围为0.1628-0.3836,均值为0.2824,中值为0.2885,均值与中值相近似,表明K值分布较均匀;变异系数为17.98%, K值存在中等程度的空间变异性。（2）不同土壤质地类型的K值存在一定差异,研究区主要土壤质地类型K值从大到小依次为粉壤〉壤土〉粘壤〉砂壤。（3）研究区以中可侵蚀性（0.25-0.30）、中高可侵蚀性（0.30-0.35）和中低可侵蚀性（0.20-0.25）土壤为主,面积分别为1797.88 hm2、1185.51 hm2和542.32 hm2,分别占小流域总面积的50.76%、33.47%和15.31%,而高可侵蚀性（〉0.35）土壤和较低可侵蚀性（0.15-0.20）土壤分布面积较少,无低可侵蚀性（〈0.15）土壤;在空间分布上,北部高山区土壤具有中低可侵蚀性,中、南部的低海拔区土壤具有中高可侵蚀性,中、南部其余区域土壤具有中可侵蚀性,这种空间分布与海拔存在较强的相关关系。（4）土地利用/植被覆盖对K值具有明显的影响作用,研究区主要土地利用/植被覆盖类型 K 值从小到大依次为林地〈灌草地〈荒草地〈旱平地〈园地〈旱坡地〈水田,需频繁松土、除草、耕作和扰动的土地利用/植被覆盖类型（园地、旱坡地、旱平地和水田）其K值较大,而无需耕作、扰动小的土地利用/植被覆盖类型（林地、荒草地和灌草地）其K值较小,这表?     

Mapping loci that control lateral spike development in Tibetan barley by bulked segregant analysis (BSA)北大核心CSCD

Fertility of lateral spikelets determines the two-rowed or six-rowed spikes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), which results in significantly different grain yields. The change in row type from two-rowed to six-rowed shows remarkable domestication characteristics. The Qinghai-Tibet plateau has abundant resources of wild and cultivated barley, and is considered one of the centers of domestication and genetic diversity of cultivated barley. In order to obtain a primary understanding of the genetic basis of lateral spike development regulation and the domestication process in cultivated Tibetan barley, an F2 segregation population was constructed by crossing the two-rowed wild barley accession ZYM0083 with the six-rowed landraces Linzhiheiliuleng. Genetic analysis showed that the row type was controlled by a single gene. Using the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology and bulked segregant analysis (BSA), two DNA pools from 22 two-rowed spike individuals and 22 six-rowed spike individuals of the F2 population were constructed and sequenced. A total of 456 691 SLAF tags were obtained. By adopting the ED and SNP index for association analysis, three candidate regions with a 53.84-Mb interval and containing 536 genes were obtained. Four-hundred thirteen, 189, and 160 annotated genes were acquired by GO, KEGG, and COG libraries, respectively. Loci that control lateral spike development in Tibetan barley were primarily mapped by SLAF-seq, and the results presented in this study will facilitate the fine mapping and cloning of target genes. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Mapping cumulative impacts of mining on sediment retention ecosystem service in an Australian mining region

Mining development can potentially lead to cumulative impacts on ecosystems and their services across a range of scales. Site-specific environmental impact assessments are commonly assessed for mining projects; however, large-scale cumulative impacts of multiple mines that aggregate and interact in resources regions have had little attention in the literature and there are few examples where regional-scale mining impacts have been assessed on ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to quantify regional-scale cumulative impacts of mining on sediment retention ecosystem services. We apply the sediment delivery ratio model of Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs to calculate and map the sediment retention and export using a synthetic catchment model and a real case study under different mining scenarios in an Australian mining region. Two impact indices were created to quantify the cumulative impacts associated with a single mine and the interactions between multiple mines. The indices clarified the magnitude of impacts and the positive/negative impacts associated with regional-scale sediment retention and export. We found cumulative impacts associated with multiple mines’ interaction occurred but the influence of these interactions was relatively weak. This research demonstrated the potential for utilising ecosystem services modelling for the quantitative assessment of the cumulative impacts. Such research provide decision-makers and planners with a tool for sustainable regional and landscape planning that balances the needs of mining and the provision of ecosystem services.     

A novel participatory and remote-sensing-based approach to mapping annual land use change on forest frontiers in Laos,Myanmar, and Madagascar

Tropical forests are under pressure from both commercial and smallholder agriculture. Forest frontiers are seeing dynamic land use changes that frequently lead to land system regime shifts, posing challenges for the sustainability of entire local social-ecological systems. Monitoring highly dynamic land use change and detecting land system regime shifts is methodologically challenging due to trade-offs between spatial and temporal data resolution. We propose an innovative approach that combines analysis of very-high-resolution satellite imagery with participatory mapping based on workshops and field walks. Applying it in Laos, Myanmar, and Madagascar, we were able to collect annual land use information over several decades. Unlike conventional land use change mapping approaches, which assess only few points in time, our approach provides information at a temporal resolution that enables detection of gradual and abrupt land system regime shifts.     

密云水库流域植被覆盖度变化对输沙量的影响

封闭流域中,泥沙的产生是多种因素相互作用,相互制约的结果,而在这些众多的环境影响因素中,植被是土壤侵蚀中最重要的环境控制因子,目前,植被覆盖度变化对输沙量的影响一直是区域生态环境研究中比较热门的话题。文章使用遥感(Remote Sensing(RS))、地理信息系统(Geographic Information System(GIS))与统计分析相结合的方法评价了密云水库流域内2个子流域出口处2002年至2005年植被覆盖度变化对输沙量的影响。密云水库流域多为山地,其降雨具有明显的季节性。本文的主要目的在于分析2002年至2005年植被覆盖度变化对流域输沙量的影响,并分析了植被覆盖度变化对气候改变及人类活动的综合影响,结果表明:在密云水库流域内,输沙量是降雨情况和人为因素引起的地表植被覆盖度变化情况的综合反映,人口增长、经济发展和城市化是密云水库流域内引起土地利用变化和地表植被覆盖度变化的主要驱动力。并且,输沙量可以被看作是一个很好的指标来定量分离出生物生理和人为的影响,并从中能够找出在流域生态系统中获得显著结果关键的临界点。研究结果对制定流域的合理开发和管理计划将有所帮助。     

1999—2013年中国东北植被物候信息遥感监测

随着3S技术的迅猛发展,用于地表遥感监测的卫星影像数据浩如烟海,而影像上地表植被长势等隐含信息的提取通常工作量大、耗费时间。论文提出了一种计算机自动提取地表植被物候信息的方法,主要用于对地表植被生长季及其年内长势进行快速提取。方法的基本原理是基于NDVI序列数据集,构建时间点对的时长跨度与该点对半方差的函数关系。选择东北松嫩平原地区作为重点试验区,计算了该区域1999—2013年地表植被生长季长度和长势特点,并选择东北地区物候观测数据进行验证分析。结果表明：1）东北地区农耕作物的生长季持续期在107~126 d左右。计算得到的结果与实测数据的最大误差在5 d值域范围内,沼泽植被在160 d以上（误差10 d左右）,草地为120~139 d;2）研究区地表植被的生长盛期峰值出现在第150天前后。结果较为真实、合理地反映了研究区域地表植被的物候信息。     

The littoral zone of lake okeechobee as a source of phosphorus after drawdown

Following a period of prolonged drought or intentional lake level drawdown, large littoral areas that once contained submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) are reinundated when lake levels rise. A complete assessment of the contribution made by decomposing SAV to the in-lake phosphorus (P) concentration is important in both the management of Lake Okeechobee and understanding basic P processes. The P contribution to the open waters of Lake Okeechobee from a rapid inundation of exposed SAV was calculated by four methods: cores of field-desiccated SAV, cores of lab-desiccated SAV in the presence and absence of sediments, in situ decomposition, and sequential macrophyte harvesting. P releases, given such an episodic event, were similar among the four methods, ranging from 116±48 to 384±528 mg/m² in the absence of sediment. When SAV is in contact with sediment, which is the realistic field situation, the amount of P released was four times less (30±14 mg/m²) than in the absence of sediment. The calculated P releases would result in total P concentration increases in the lake from 2 to 15 μg/liter (upper 95% CI=2–25 μg/liter) in the absence of sediment; only 1 μg/liter increase was predicted when SAV released P in contact with sediment. Thus it is unlikely that a significant rise in total P concentrations in the limnetic zone of the lake would occur from the export of P released during the desiccation of SAV in the littoral-marsh zone during a drawdown.     

不同植物覆盖下黄河三角洲湿地土壤中微塑料的分布

为揭示黄河三角洲湿地地区土壤中微塑料分布与植物覆盖的相关性,选择低盐优势物种芦苇(Phragmites communis)和高盐优势物种盐地碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)为研究对象,探讨其生长土壤共计16个样点中微塑料的分布特征.结果表明,该地区植物覆盖土壤中微塑料丰度范围为80～4 640 n·kg-1,粒径范围为1...     

基于气象和遥感数据的河南省干旱特征分析

干旱是一种常见的自然灾害,严重影响着我国的农业生产。论文分别采用标准化降水指数(SPI)和条件植被指数(VCI)对河南省干旱时空特征进行分析,并探讨了气象干旱和农业干旱的相关性。结果表明:近60 a河南省气象干旱频率呈现出轻微上升的趋势,夏秋两季气象干旱频率较高,农业干旱频率在秋冬两季较高,气象干旱和农业干旱频率在不同季节呈现出不同的空间分布特点。整体上看,农业干旱相对于气象干旱,存在一定程度的滞后:冬季最长,约为2个月,春季较长,约为1个月,而夏季最短,小于1个月;河南省SPI和VCI的相关性具有明显的时空分布特征:冬季和春季相关性较强,夏季次之,秋季最差;平原和盆地区等冬小麦/夏玉米种植区正相关性较强,在非耕地区有所减弱,而在信阳南部等水稻种植区正相关性差。     

以农业面源污染阻控为目标的河流生态缓冲带研究进展

河流生态缓冲带是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,一些国家已将河流生态缓冲带的构建与维护作为控制流域面源污染的关键措施。针对河流生态缓冲带的农业面源污染阻控功能,梳理了河流生态缓冲带的研究进展。基于河流生态缓冲带类型的划定,重点总结了河岸植被缓冲带的阻控机制及影响阻控效果的主要因素、氮磷削减途径和缓冲带生态构建模式,并就植被缓冲带对污染物的削减机理及量化方法、缓冲带的设计理念与构建模式、缓冲带的长期效果评估和管理机制等方面提出了展望,以期为我国河流生态缓冲带的科学划定、生态构建以及生态系统管理提供参考。