辽河三角洲地区植被的地上净初级生产力格局及其制约因子

植被地上净初级生产力是监测和评价生态系统功能的重要指标之一,也是农业区划和生态资源分区管理的重要依据。通过实地调查,研究了辽河三角洲地区的植被地上净初级生产力的空间分布格局及其制约因子。2008年9月末,在辽河三角洲地区设立79个调查点,调查了植被地上净初级生产力、土壤和水文特征。借助ArcGIS软件制作了植被地上净初级生产力的分层设色等值线图,并利用简单相关分析和无条件主成分分析方法探讨了植被地上净初级生产力与环境因子的关系。结果发现：辽河三角洲地区的植被地上净初级生产力具有内部较低,外围较高的半环形分布格局。在三角洲内部,植被地上净初级生产力一般1 500 g.m-2.a-1左右;外围一般3 000 g.m-2.a-1以上。这种分布格局不仅与植被类型分布有一定的相关性,而且还与海拔高度、土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤总磷等自然环境因子有明显的相关性。多种证据表明土壤含水量是决定辽河三角洲地区植被地上净初级生产力格局的最直接、最重要的自然环境因子。     

牛栏江污染物源解析与空间差异性分析

牛栏江-滇池补水是缓解滇池生态用水短缺的重要工程,对牛栏江流域主要污染源与空间差异性的识别分析,将有助于进一步改善牛栏江的水质. 采用CFA(对应分析)对牛栏江流域污染源进行解析识别,结果表明流域内TN、NH₃-N(氨氮)等污染物主要来源于嵩明县境内,TP、氟化物等污染物主要来源于寻甸县境内. 在CFA分析的基础上,采用HCA(层次聚类分析)和SOM(自组织映射神经网络)对4个监测点、10种污染物指标进行分析,以识别空间分布的差异性和相似性,并且评价各指标的空间分布特征及监测点代表性. 结果表明:4个监测点中,TP、氟化物、砷化物、Vph(挥发酚)在寻甸县境内的七星桥污染最严重;TN、NH₃-N在牛栏江上游嵩明县境内的四营污染最重. 结合流域污染负荷调查可知,寻甸县的磷负荷最大,占流域总负荷的58.73%,七星桥的TP污染贡献大于其他3个监测点,与七星桥TP污染最为严重相符合. 该研究结果可为牛栏江流域实施进一步的分段治理提供决策支撑.      

Assessing the P fractionation in a tropical river-estuarine system of South India

Seasonal variations in dissolved and particulate P forms were assessed in the estuarine system of Chalakudy River, Kerala, South India – a tropical river having substantial relics of riparian vegetation. The contribution of the reactive P form extended to 84–96% compared with the residual fraction. Geographical and human activities have had effects on the phosphorus-loading capacity at various locations, which reveal pronounced variability in P distribution. Not all forms of phosphate in suspended particulate matter are likely to be released, and thus the nature of the P forms within the stock is a sensitive factor that can be utilised. Ca-bound P in suspensates increases to a highly significant level in the estuarine area, whereas Fe/Al-bound P predominates at the riverine and catchment areas during both the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. Thus, calcium compounds determine the availability of P in the alkaline estuarine environment, whereas in the riverine environment, Al and Fe control P solubility. The comparatively low P load in upstream waters indicates that, under ambient situations, vegetative riparian zones can be very important P filters.     

On the association between the column ozone and the spectral solar ultraviolet radiation

An estimation of the increase in the daily spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground is attempted, by using the daily total ozone observations made by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the satellite Nimbus‐7 during 1978–1992. This investigation has been performed for the high latitudes by employing a recently proposed parametric model for the estimation of the spectral solar ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface considering the total ozone content and various meteorological parameters.     

岩石边坡生境形态结构特征对植被自然恢复能力的指示性

构建植被恢复指数(IVR),对鲁中山区公路花岗岩边坡的植被自然恢复成效进行样方评价,识别影响植被自然恢复能力的关键生境因子,并建立基于岩缝与岩台面积指数和恢复年限的植被恢复成效预测模型.结果表明,不同生境条件下公路岩石边坡植被的自然恢复效果差异较大,样方IVR的最高值和最低值分别为1.89和0.29,恢复较差样方(A)组平均盖度为35.7％,平均地上生物量为147.7 g·m-2,分别不及恢复较好样方(C)组1/2和1/3;岩缝与岩台面积、恢复年限、岩台面积、平均土层厚度、岩缝面积、坡位和岩台土层厚度这7个生境因子与IVR密切相关,其参数值在A组和C组间差异显著(P＜0.05),表明岩石边坡植被自然恢复成效和恢复能力与生境形态结构特征有很大关联性,而岩缝与岩台发育程度和数量多寡对其影响最大.岩缝与岩台面积指数是指示边坡裸岩植被自然恢复能力和预测植被自然恢复成效的重要参数.     

Models of best practice in flood risk communication and management

Risk communication plays an increasingly central role in flood risk management, but there is a variety of conflicting advice about what does – and should – get transmitted, why, how, and to whom. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the underlying normative and conceptual models on which those competing assessments of ‘good’ risk communication depend. To that end, the paper identifies four broad models, or approaches, to risk communication: a risk message model of information transfer; a risk instrument model of behavioural change; a risk dialogue model of participatory deliberation; and a risk government model of self-regulation and normalization. These models differ in their theoretical and disciplinary origins and associated philosophical and political commitments, and consequently they define the basic purpose, practice, and future prospects of flood risk communication in quite different ways. Unless these different models of ‘good’ risk communication are acknowledged and understood, efforts to identify best practice for flood risk management are likely to produce inconsistent, if not contradictory, recommendations.     

Modeling flooding extent from Hurricane Floyd in the coastal plains of North Carolina

Abstract

In this article two modeling approaches were developed based on the use of US Geological Survey digital elevation model (DEM) data. These models were utilized to delineate the extent of flooding induced by precipitation from Hurricane Floyd in a portion of Pitt County, North Carolina. The patterns of flood extent derived from the two models were compared to the extent of flooding indicated on a digital aerial photograph taken two days after peak flood levels had been reached. In addition, floodplain boundaries based on Federal Emergency Management Agency Q3 maps were compared to the extent of flooding on the aerial photo. Actual emergency response operations undertaken through the Pitt County Emergency Operations Center during the flood event are described, and are used to provide a context for evaluating the potential utility of these models. The flood extents produced by the modeling methods performed well at representing the actual extent of the flooding.     

基于植被指数的GF-1与Landsat-OLI石漠化识别能力对比评价

植被指数是运用多源遥感影像提取石漠化过程中的主要参考指标之一。为了在石漠化提取中选择最优植被指数,论文以GF-1和Landsat-OLI为源数据,运用欧氏距离对多种植被指数在石漠化提取过程中的可分性和类型识别能力进行了定量的对比评价。结果表明：Landsat-OLI在石漠化与非石漠化、不同等级石漠化信息提取的可分性上略优于GF-1,共有71个参数的欧氏距离大于等于阈值1.56;通过植被指数光谱特征,可以对非岩溶区与石漠化地区进行较好的区分,其类型间欧氏距离普遍高于阈值;然而由于相邻等级石漠化之间植被覆盖率存在渐近式过渡关系,在遥感影像上光谱反射率接近,比间隔等级石漠化更加难于区分。在石漠化类型识别能力方面,波段差和比方法优于单一光谱指数。对于GF-1和Landsat-OLI而言,石漠化信息提取中推荐使用的最优植被指数均为NDVI,其次为GRNDVI。     

天津市“城-郊-乡”样带土壤种子库特征分析

为了解天津市不同地理位置土壤种子库物种组成和群落结构的变化,沿天津市设置＂城区—城郊—远郊＂的生态样带,在6个典型样地选取20个样方进行土壤种子库的采样工作并进行萌发试验。结果表明：土壤种子库的密度、物种组成及群落结构差异性明显,除趋势对应分析后分异出典型的城市土壤种子库、城郊土壤种子库、远郊土壤种子库3种类型。从远郊到城区,土壤种子库的密度递增,相似性指数也递增,而物种丰富度却递减。相比远郊地区,城区、城郊区土壤种子库物种丰富度损失率分别为66.67%、45.23%。城区因城市化水平较高及频繁的人为干扰致使土壤种子库物种呈现匀质化特点,物种多为一年生的耐踩踏草本。城郊区的多样性指数、生态优势度指数、均匀度指数最低,但是种子库密度较大,物种丰富,萌发种子中木本植物可观,适合用于进行植被恢复的试验研究。     

间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及其营养元素现存量影响

间伐改变了林分结构,影响林下植被的生长和发育,但长期间伐对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林下植被多样性的影响尚缺乏系统研究。在浙江开化通过样地调查,采用Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数研究3种间伐处理下杉木人工林林下植被多样性的变化;分析林下植被主要营养元素含量,研究间伐对营养元素现存量的影响。以试验区传统经营方式为对照,即林木生长中期（第14年）进行1次轻度间伐（间伐强度约15%,T1）;中度（总间伐强度约35%, T2）和强度（总间伐强度约50%,T3）间伐均在第7年和第14年进行了2次间伐。间伐15年后的结果表明,3种间伐处理下,林下植物种类数分别为18种（T1）、17种（T2）和20种（T3）,林下植被总密度和盖度均随间伐强度增加而增大;林下植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。林下植被全碳（TC）、全磷（TP）和全钾（TK）含量在不同间伐处理之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,全氮（TN）含量随间伐强度增加而降低,其中T3处理显著低于T1（P＜0.05）。林下植被生物量随间伐强度增大而增加,林下植被TC、TN、TP和TK现存量在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。这些试验结果说明杉木人工林间伐15年后间伐强度不会显著影响林下植被多样性和营养元素的积累。