生态单元制图在国外自然保护和城乡规划中的发展与应用

生态单元制图作为景观生态学研究方法之一,能够提供研究区域内基础详细的、保护或规划定向的、便于使用的生物学和生态学信息,该方法已经成为一些国家自然保护和城乡规划工作的基本工具。论文首先简明介绍了生态单元的定义和功能以及制图的两种主要方法。着重探讨了生态单元制图在国外30多年不同阶段的发展历程,并分析了生态单元制图在自然保护和城乡规划中应用的3个方面:物种和生境保护、土地利用规划和管理以及不同尺度景观规划和管理。另外,论文还对生态单元制图中存在的问题和不足以及深入研究的思路进行探讨。目前生态单元制图研究中存在的问题主要集中在生态单元调查的主观性、制图比例尺和G IS技术等方面。最后分析了生态单元制图在我国的研究现状以及生态单元制图在我国自然保护和城乡规划中应用的前景。     

盘龙河流域空间信息分析

利用2008年SPOT卫星影像结合野外调查,运用3S技术对盘龙河流域的植被、土地利用和环境质量情况进行调查。结果表明,流域内的土地资源内部结构不合理,与自然环境不协调,其环境质量以中等偏上为主,差的质量面积较大。提出了对盘龙河流域加强法制建设,提高森林覆盖率,做好土地利用总体规划,优化农业产业结构的生态保护对策建议。     

小尺度范围内植被类型对土壤呼吸的影响

2005~2007年用红外气体分析仪在太原天龙山自然保护区对油松、草地和灌木地的土壤呼吸进行了测定.结果表明,3个样地的土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化特点,夏秋季高、冬春季低.土壤呼吸的年(3~12月)平均值分别为(3.58±2.50)、(3.82±2.75)和(4.42±3.38)μmol.(m2.s)-1(p0.05).3~12月土壤CO2释放量在854.9~1 297.2 g.(m2.a)-1之间,年间和样地之间的土壤CO2释放量均无显著差异.3个样地土壤呼吸与土壤温度的指数方程均为极显著(p0.01),R2值在0.61~0.81之间;Q10值在2.60~4.50之间,R10值在1.70~3.02μmol.(m2.s)-1之间.3种植被条件下土壤呼吸与土壤水分的关系均不显著(p0.05),最大的R2值仅0.12;但是,用土壤温度10℃时的数据进行分析时,土壤呼吸与土壤水分的关系显著(p0.05).4个双变量复合关系方程的R2值大部分在0.7以上,最高达0.91.     

Agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of different vegetation types in riparian wetlands： A case study in the Yellow River wetland in China

Riparian wetland is the major transition zone of matter, energy and information transfer between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and has important functions of water purification and non-point pollution control. Using the field experiment method and an isotope tracing technique, the agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of di erent vegetation types in riparian wetland was studied in the Kouma Section of the Yellow River. The results showed that the retention of agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution by riparian wetland soil occurs mainly in top 0–10 cm layer. The amount of nitrogen retained by surface soils associated with three types of vegetation are 0.045 mg/g for Phragmites communis Trin Linn, 0.036 mg/g for Scirpus triqueter Linn, and 0.032 mg/g for Typha angustifolia Linn, which account for 59.21%, 56.25%, and 56.14% of the total nitrogen interception, respectively. Exogenous nitrogen in 0–10 cm soil layer changes more quickly than in other layers. One month after adding K15NO3 to the tested vegetation, nitrogen content was 77.78% for P. communis Trin, 68.75% for T. angustifolia, and 8.33% for S. triqueter in the surface soil. After three months, nitrogen content was 93.33% for P. communis Trin, 72.22% for S. triqueter, and 37.50% for T. Angustifolia. There are large di erences among vegetation communities respecting to purification of agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution. The nitrogen uptake amount decreases in the sequence: new shoots of P. communis Trin (9.731 mg/g) > old P. communis Trin (4.939 mg/g) > S. triqueter (0.620 mg/g) > T. angustifolia (0.186 mg/g). Observations indicated that the presence of riparian wetlands as bu ers on and adjacent to stream banks could be recommended to control agricultural non-point pollution.     

大连石灰石矿矿坑边坡绿化植物种类选择

大连石灰石矿矿坑边坡绿化生态修复工程主要采用厚层基材喷附和液力喷播两种工艺,喷播植物种类的选择将直接影响其生态修复效果。以该工程为例,根据工程区地理及环境特征,基于边坡绿化的基本原则,因地制宜地提出了适宜的边坡绿化植物。     

对煤炭资源开发和生态环境保护的思考

锡林郭勒盟煤炭资源丰富,探明储量1448亿吨,仅次于鄂尔多斯市居全区第二。大规模资源开发引起地貌、土壤、植被、水文、空气质量的环境构成要素的破坏,正在以扬沙、空气污染等方式反作用于人类。加强矿山环境保护势在必行,只要我们坚持开发、保护和治理相结合,认真处理矿产资源开发与经济发展、生态环境保护三者之间关系,矿山生态环境就会大大改善,科学发展观也就会真正落到实处。     

城市洪水风险图编制研究——以福州为例

洪水风险图是标识区域洪涝成因、量级、特性、危及对象及应急对策等风险信息分布特征的一系列图的总称,当前已成为国内外城市防洪减灾工作中重要的非工程类措施之一。针对我国对洪水风险图的多元化需求,从不同服务目的出发对洪水风险图编制工作进行研究。提出了洪水风险图分层编制技术,将洪水风险图划分为实际洪水淹没图、洪水风险预测图和水灾风险评价信息等3个层次,并根据分层设计原则对编制不同类型洪水风险图所需的既往洪水信息、洪水风险预测信息、水灾风险评价信息做了详细论述。提出将洪涝仿真模拟技术应用于城市洪水风险图编制工作之中,针对洪水风险图的应用目的合理选定计算模型的初始条件、边界条件与运行控制方式等,经模拟计算获取编制洪水风险图所需的洪水风险信息。     

Recentralisation through regionalisation in the implementation of Rural Development Policy in Scotland

In environmental policy, good governance is pertinent when inclusive decision making is recurrently associated with effective outcomes. This paper explores the European Union's good governance principles and the extent to which these have been adopted in the Rural Development Policy in Scotland. For the programme period 2007–2013 Scotland's Rural Priorities scheme has moved towards decentralisation by introducing regional decision-making committees. This study assesses the impact of this scheme on multi-level stakeholder relationships and the implications on policy outcomes. To do so, the study adopts a mixed method approach, applying a stakeholder mapping technique, to quantify perceptions of influence and interest and triangulate with data from in-depth semi-structured interviews. Results indicate that the attempts to widen decision making has resulted in a number of stakeholders perceiving themselves as less empowered. This analytical approach can provide the baseline against which governance improvements can be measured in the formulation of future policies.     

双台子河口湿地不同植物群落土壤营养元素及含盐量研究

采用时空互代法,选择辽宁双台子河口湿地中芦苇（Phragmites australis（Clav.）Trin.）、香蒲（Typha orientalis Presl.）、碱茅（Puccinellia distans Parl）和碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）4种群落,研究了不同植物群落土壤中营养元素和含盐量分布特征,...     

不同降雨特征下缓冲带水分及TN分配规律

以3种典型植被缓冲带为研究对象,基于现场监测、质量平衡、相关分析等方法,探明缓冲带水分分配与降雨、土壤因子的关联性,确定水分及总氮(TN)污染负荷去除分配系数.结果表明,径流与降雨量呈高度正相关(0.980～0.987,P<0.01),渗流与降雨量、降雨历时呈显著正相关(0.595～0.828,P<0.01).植被缓冲...