垃圾填埋场营造人工植被的研究

采用３种不同栽培方式,受试木本植物１６种、草本植物９种,在垃圾填埋场进行营造人工植被的试验。结果表明,填埋场甲烷气是影响植物成活的主要因素。在填埋１－２年的废弃地上,栽培短周期生长植物全部成活,获得了预期效果。在埋龄１年的垃圾废弃地上不易种植长周期生长的木本植物,在埋龄２年的废弃地上,仍需采取覆盖６０ｃｍ土层阻断沼气等措施才能生长。筛选出抗性较好的植物枸杞、苦楝、紫穗槐、刺槐、白蜡树、女贞、苜蓿、     

东太湖茭草植被改造实验研究

东太湖的茭草和浮叶植物有显著的加速湖泊淤积和二次污染效应。1993年开展了面积5ha的植被改造实验,当年剔除原有植物,培育成为沉水植被,平均生物量达3kg/m2。由茭草残体形成的腐殖层对沉水植物生长发育有不利影响,在实验区大部分面积上表层沉积物中TOC含量低于30％,沉水植物能正常生长;TOC含量超过30％时沉水植物生长较为缓慢。对东太湖46.6km2湖面上由茭草和浮叶植物组成的植被进行全面改造,可获得显著的环境生态效益,起到延缓湖泊衰亡和改善水质的作用。     

地理信息系统、桌面地图信息系统与环境管理信息系统

通过对地理信息系统、桌面地图信息系统及其技术表现的介绍和分析比较,以实例描述了环境管理信息系统在不同的软硬件环境中的设计和开发特点。      

定量评估气候变化对长江中下游地区植被GPPGS变化的影响

在区域和植被类型尺度上定量厘定气候因子对长江中下游地区生长季植被GPP（GPP_GS）的直接、间接和综合影响,可为全球气候变化背景下区域植被资源管理与恢复提供科学依据.利用MODIS GPP数据、气象数据和植被类型数据,结合Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall显著性检验探究长江中下游地区植被GPP_GS时空变化特征,并通过通径分析揭示气候因子对长江中下游地区整体和不同类型植被GPP_GS变化的直接影响、间接影响和综合影响.结果表明：①2000~2021年长江中下游地区植被GPP_GS呈波动上升趋势,上升速率（以C计,下同）为2.70 g·（m²·a）^-1 （P<0.01）.不同类型植被GPP_GS均呈极显著上升趋势（P<0.01）,其中,灌丛上升速率最高,为3.31 g·（m²·a）^-1,栽培植被上升速率最低,为2.54 g·（m²·a）^-1.②长江中下游地区GPP_GS呈上升趋势的面积占比为88.11%.不同类型植被GPP_GS呈上升趋势的面积占比均大于84%.③通径分析结果表明,降水和最高气温对植被GPP_GS的直接影响呈显著正向影响（P<0.05）,而太阳辐射呈不显著正向影响（P≥0.05）.最高气温、降水和太阳辐射对植被GPP_GS的间接影响均呈非显著负向影响（P≥0.05）.在直接影响和间接影响的综合作用下,降水和最高气温对植被GPP_GS呈不显著正向影响（P≥0.05）,而太阳辐射对植被GPP_GS呈不显著负向影响（P≥0.05）;不同植被类型上,降水是影响栽培植被GPP_GS变化的主要气候因子,最高气温是影响针叶林、阔叶林、灌丛和草丛GPP_GS变化的主要气候因子.④长江中下游地区植被GPP_GS变化主要受最高气温、降水和太阳辐射的直接影响,降水的直接影响对植被GPP_GS变化的主导区域占56.72%.研究结果可为量化长江中下游地区植被固碳潜力和全球气候变化背景下制定因地制宜的生态恢复治理政策提供参考.     

秦岭中段不同恢复阶段弃耕农田植物多样性变化及其驱动因素

植被恢复过程往往伴随着显著的地上植物多样性的变化,探讨枯落物养分-土壤养分-酶活性化学计量对地上植被变化的驱动机制,对于维持区域生物多样性保护和生态稳定至关重要.以秦岭不同恢复年限（1、8、16、31和50 a）的典型弃耕农田为研究对象,通过野外调查分析了植被恢复过程中植物群落多样性的变化特征,测定了枯落物养分、土壤养分、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）、β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）和酸性磷酸酶（AP）这5种胞外酶活性等指标,探讨了植被恢复过程中枯落物养分、土壤养分和酶活性化学计量比的变化特征及其对植物多样性变化的驱动机制.结果表明：植物群落多样性指数随植被恢复年限增加均呈先减小后增大的趋势,在恢复16 a时最小;主成分分析结果表明,植被恢复不同年限植物群落多样性指数及枯落物-土壤-酶化学计量特征之间有显著区别,植物群落多样性指数与枯落物碳磷比及枯落物氮磷比具有强烈的正相关关系,而与土壤酶碳磷比（EEA C∶P）具有明显的负相关关系;冗余分析结果表明EEA C∶P对植被恢复过程中植物多样性变化的解释率最高,为25.93%,其次为土壤全磷（TP）,解释率为5.94%,是调控植物多样性变化的关键因子.综上所述,秦岭中段弃耕农田植被恢复后期植物种类和数量明显增多,土壤环境的变化影响了微生物的代谢活动从而改变了酶活性,枯落物-土壤-土壤胞外酶通过反馈与调节对群落环境和植物多样性产生影响,EEA C∶P和TP是植被恢复过程中地上植物多样性变化的主要驱动因素.     

扬州城市绿地景观格局分析

对2002年扬州市城区绿地斑块分布及其景观结构特征进行了研究,结果表明:小斑块(≤1 hm2)在研究区分布广,数量最多,占绿地斑块总数的59.86%;其次是面积在1~5 hm2的斑块,占总量的33.4%,大于10 hm2的斑块仅占4.2%。面积在1~5 hm2的斑块和大于10 hm2的绿地斑块,分别占绿地总面积的37.6%和39.6%。绿地率在20%~30%的绿地斑块最丰富,占总数的41.7%,占绿地总面积的24.8%;绿地率大于60%的斑块占总面积的32.8%;绿地率≤20%的绿地以小斑块为主,占总面积的8.51%。对绿地景观指数分析表明:城市绿地多样性指数高,总体分布均衡。从老城区到新城区,绿地景观特征表现为总面积增加,平均绿地斑块面积增大,景观破碎度降低,城市绿化的理念不断提升。加强广陵区内绿地斑块的改造,提高斑块间的连接度,增加维扬区和邗江区绿化廊道和绿地斑块的营造,应成为今后城市绿化的重点。     

Sam Mannan and his scientific publications: A life in process safety research

Dr. M. Sam Mannan is one of the true pioneers in the process safety area, spending almost his entire lifetime in process safety and risk research. He was dedicated to ‘make safety second nature’ and published an impressive body of work. An overview of his research helps understanding the process safety area and provides insight in the legacy of this process safety pioneer. In this paper, 327 publications authored by Dr. Mannan from 1999 to 2019 in Web of Science core collection were downloaded and visually analyzed from four perspectives: his publication outputs, collaboration networks, topic areas, and highly cited papers and cited references. The results show a rapidly increasing trend in his research activity, mostly through journal publications. He published in 53 different outlets, with Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries being most frequently selected. Dr. Mannan had a very active and diverse worldwide network, and collaborated with 18 different countries/regions, nearly 90 different institutions and 387 authors. His publications addressed process safety-related topics widely, including safety related to liquefied natural gas, explosions, runaway reactions, inherent safety, flammability and aerosol, and more recently resilience. Dr. Mannan's most cited paper focused on ‘fuzzy risk matrix’, whereas the most frequently cited reference in his work is ‘thermal hazard evaluation by an accelerating rate calorimeter’ by Townsend DI in 1980. Based on his most recent research activity, promising future directions for process safety research include resilience linked to risk assessment and management, for instance through the ‘safety triad’ concept he promoted shortly before passing away.     

PyLUR: Efficient software for land use regression modeling the spatial distribution of air pollutants using GDAL/OGR library in Python

• PyLUR comprises four modules for developing and applying a LUR model. • It considers both conventional and novel potential predictor variables. • GDAL/OGR libraries are used to do spatial analysis in the modeling and prediction. • Developed on Python platform, PyLUR is rather efficient in data processing. Land use regression (LUR) models have been widely used in air pollution modeling. This regression-based approach estimates the ambient pollutant concentrations at un-sampled points of interest by considering the relationship between ambient concentrations and several predictor variables selected from the surrounding environment. Although conceptually quite simple, its successful implementation requires detailed knowledge of the area, expertise in GIS, statistics, and programming skills, which makes this modeling approach relatively inaccessible to novice users. In this contribution, we present a LUR modeling and pollution-mapping software named PyLUR. It uses GDAL/OGR libraries based on the Python platform and can build a LUR model and generate pollutant concentration maps efficiently. This self-developed software comprises four modules: a potential predictor variable generation module, a regression modeling module, a model validation module, and a prediction and mapping module. The performance of the newly developed PyLUR is compared to an existing LUR modeling software called RLUR (with similar functions implemented on R language platform) in terms of model accuracy, processing efficiency and software stability. The results show that PyLUR out-performs RLUR for modeling in the Bradford and Auckland case studies examined. Furthermore, PyLUR is much more efficient in data processing and it has a capability to handle detailed GIS input data.     

花桥典型地块景观格局及植被群落结构指数评价与制图研究

自然过程是规划过程的重要维度。与中国法定规划体系相衔接的生态单元分类、评价系统的构建,是生态研究与城乡规划之间的一座桥梁。选取昆山花桥为研究对象,以2010年Landsat遥感数据TM影像图为主要数据源。在城乡生态单元制图的基础上,从区域景观格局的宏观角度分析城市化、乡村以及城乡交错带三类典型地块的生态用地特征。研究表明:城市水体形态过于笔直、公园绿地分布过于集中,城乡交错带水体破碎化严重、人工景观呈集聚状的发展趋势,乡村地块水体受农业活动影响严重、农田景观应重点保护等。进而从微观角度进行植被群落结构指数评价,作为生态信息的重要补充。根据植被指数图谱可得花溪公园附近的植被群落结构指数较高,河道两侧的线性连续性整体尚佳,植被群落结构丰富,而道路两侧的植被较为单一等。旨在提供一种城市生态评价体系,从宏观到微观,从生态格局分析到植被群落结构评价,希望能更清晰的反映不同区域之间的生态价值差异,为城乡绿地系统规划提供生态基础性数据。     

1996～2015年云贵川草地生态系统生产力的时空格局

云贵川草地是中国草地的重要组成部分,在我国生态文明建设和响应全球气候变化中具有重要的地位,分析其净初级生产力（NPP）变化格局具有重要意义。利用研究区的AVHRR、MODIS遥感影像等数据及周边地区的气象资料,结合改进的CASA模型,对云贵川地区草地1996～2015年20 a间的NPP及草地植被相关生态特征进行估算,并对其时空特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）20 a间云贵川草地NDVI值变化规律性明显,97.18%的草地面积年平均NDVImax呈现增加趋势。（2）20 a间云贵川草地NPP总体上呈现出“西北低、西南高、东部居中”的空间格局,年均NPP值为420.85 gC·m-2。 （3）时间格局上,20 a间整个云贵川区域逐年平均NPP值虽然有一定的波动性,但仍以7.2322 gC·m-2·a-1的速率在增加。20 a间夏季NPP平均值最高,为160.25 gC·m-2;春季次之,NPP平均值为 109.10 gC·m-2;秋季与春季相比,NPP值稍低,为106.10 gC·m-2;冬季最低,为54.03 gC·m-2。