基于MODIS/NDVI与EVI的皖江流域植被覆盖比较分析

利用多时相的TERRA/MODIS影像资料比较了皖江流域NDVI和EVI的时空分布特征,并分析了空间分辨率和大气校正对NDVI和EVI的影响。结果表明：MODIS/NDVI与MODIS/EVI所反映的植被覆盖状况基本一致,但5月份较8月份NDVI和EVI的空间分布差异明显,且在植被生长旺盛时期,EVI比NDVI更能反映植被覆盖状况。在相同的空间分辨率下（250 m、500 m、1 000 m）,EVI比NDVI能更好的反映植被覆盖的空间差异性,随着空间分辨率的降低,这两种指数反映植被覆盖的差异性在减小。大气校正对NDVI和EVI的影响不同,大气校正前NDVI值小于EVI值,大气校正后NDVI值普遍大于EVI值,但大气校正对NDVI的影响不大,对EVI的影响明显     

利用植被状态指数距平监测2011年长江中下游5省春、夏干旱

针对2011年长江中下游湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏5省春、夏旱的发展过程和空间演变态势,利用2011年4~8月中分辨率MODIS每16 d合成产品MOD13A2-NDVI数据,构建植被状态指数距平（AVCI）进行干旱监测及分级。结果表明:AVCI指数能监测出长江中下游5省春、夏季干旱的发展变化,在整个监测期内,长江中下游湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏5省大部分地区AVCI值偏低,出现大范围干旱持续的现象,并且表现出明显的旱情加重-旱情减轻-旱情再加重的变化趋势。前期春季干旱主要分布在湖北中东部、安徽中南部、江苏南部、湖南东北部、江西北部地区,后期伏旱则在5省大范围发展。春旱干旱程度比伏旱更甚,其中春季旱情在平原地区更为严重     

基于植被状态指数的干旱化特征及气候驱动因素分析——以江苏省为例

干旱是危害最大的自然灾害之一,给农业生产及地区经济造成了巨大的损失。以AVHRR和MODIS遥感数据集所计算的植被状态指数(Vegetation Condition Index,VCI)为监测指标,研究江苏省干旱的时空变化特征,并结合江苏省气象站台1982~2010年的实测气象资料,分析降水量、气温、相对湿度和日照时数这四个气候因子的变化趋势及其对干旱化的影响,不仅能够定量地描述植被干旱的空间变化,还可以反映长期气候对其起到的正反作用。研究结果表明:江苏省近30年的年均VCI值呈上升趋势,区域整体旱情有所缓解;四个气候因子中,年均温度逐渐升高,年均降水量基本保持不变,年均相对湿度和日照时数则呈下降趋势,其中气温和相对湿度与VCI的相关性达极显著水平,是影响江苏省旱情的主要因素。     

Assessing Spatial Occurrence of Ground Level Ozone around Coal Mining Areas of Chandrapur District, Maharashtra, India

Stratospheric input and photochemical ozone formation in the troposphere are the two main sources determining the ozone levels in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Because of the importance of ozone in controlling the atmospheric chemistry and its decisive role in the heat balance of atmosphere, leading to climate change, the examination of its formation and destruction are of great interest. This study characterized the distribution of Ground level Ozone (GLO) in Chandrapur district is lying between 19°25′N to 20°45′N and 78°50′E to 80°10′E. Continuous ozone analyzer was used to quantify GLO at thirteen locations fixed by Global Positioning System (GPS) during the winter of 2005–2006. The daily GLO at all the locations ranged between 6.4 and 24.8 ppbv with an average and standard deviation of 14.9 ± 6.5 ppbv. The maximum and minimum concentration occurs during 1300–1600 h and 0300–0500 h may be due to high solar radiation facilitating photochemical production of O₃ and downward mixing from the overlying air mass and in situ destruction of ozone by deposition and/or the reaction between O₃ and NO. GIS based spatial distribution of GLO in Chandrapur district is indicates that the central core of the district and southern sites experienced elevated levels of GLO relative to the northern and western areas. The sites near by Chandrapur city are particularly affected by elevated GLO. The average variation of GLO with temperature shows a significant correlation of r = 0.55 indicating a direct relationship between GLO and temperature. Similarly an attempt has been made to compare the GLO monitored data in Chandrapur district with the reported values for other locations in Indian cities. This generated database helps regulatory agencies to identify locations where the natural resources and human health could be at risk.     

西南环境移民安置地的生态环境状况研究初报

以桂西北环江县肯福环境移民安置示范区为例,对我国西南喀斯特地区环境移民安置区的气候、地貌、土壤与植被等主要生态因子进行了调查研究和取样分析。研究表明,环境移民安置地由于地处亚热带季风气候区,具有气候温暖,雨量充沛,日照充足,且雨热同季的特点;地貌破碎,土地以坡地为主,但有一定量可开垦利用的土地;土壤主要为红壤,土壤剖面发育良好,土壤质地和结构尚可,有机质和氮含量相对丰富,但磷、钾缺乏,土壤酸度大;植被以先锋植物为主。     

长江上游生态建设工程与植被覆盖时空变化的响应特征研究

"退耕还林"、"天然林保护"等重大生态建设工程在长江上游实施已有十余年,剖析重大生态建设工程实施以来长江上游植被覆盖时空变化特征与生态建设投入间的响应关系,对区内未来生态建设的布局具有重要指导意义。以年际时间序列的SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI遥感数据为基础,利用遥感及地理信息系统技术,趋势拟合等方法,研究长江上游地区2002年至2013年植被覆盖时空动态变化特征。并以县级行政区为单元,分析长江上游植被覆盖时空变化与生态建设工程投入的响应关系。结果表明:研究区内植被指数NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)整体呈现缓慢增加趋势,年均增长率为1.06%,主要体现为中等植被覆盖向高植被覆盖转化;植被覆盖增加区域远远大于植被覆盖减少区域,其中增加的区域占整个长江上游流域的86.02%,主要分布于秦巴山地以北、云贵高原以及横断山区中小起伏的山地;植被覆盖减少区域占6.09%,主要分布于汶川地震灾区以及成都,重庆、昆明等大型城市群及其周边。其次,近10 a生态建设重大工程投资对长江上游植被覆盖增长起促进作用,在研究区内有261个县级行政区具有较好的造林效率,达县级行政区总数的90%,集中分布于云贵、川陕交界处及西部高山、高原区。     

鄱阳湖洲滩植被健康状态评价及其典型不健康年水文条件分析

在气候变化、人类活动的共同影响下,湿地生态系统退化的形势日益严峻。因此,开展浅水湖泊洲滩植被健康状态评价,探索导致湖泊洲滩植被结构和功能退化的原因具有十分重要的意义。通过构建逐层聚合的指标体系,运用综合健康指数法(EHCI)对鄱阳湖洲滩植被健康状态进行评价;并通过不健康年份湖泊水情与多年平均湖泊水情的对比,揭示对洲滩植物健康状态影响最为显著的湖泊水情。主要结论如下:(1)1989~2010年春季,鄱阳湖洲滩植被处于健康和亚健康状态的年份约占总体的80%,不健康年份约占总体的20%;同时段的秋季,鄱阳湖洲滩植被在健康和亚健康状态的年份约占总体的85%,不健康年份约占总体的15%。1989~2010年,鄱阳湖年均洲滩植被健康状态均在健康与亚健康之间,无不健康年份。鄱阳湖洲滩植被健康状态在年尺度上表现出比单一季节更好的稳定性。(2)涨水期水情是影响鄱阳湖春季洲滩植被健康状态的主要水文要素。1989~2010年春,鄱阳湖洲滩植被不健康年份发生在典型的春旱年份2005年和典型的春涝年份2010年。丰水期水情是影响鄱阳湖秋季洲滩植被健康状态的主要水文要素。1989~2010年秋,鄱阳湖洲滩植被不健康年份出现在典型的丰水期高水情年份1999年和典型的丰水期低水情年份2001年。就鄱阳湖年均水位波动状况而言,其具有比单一季节水位波动更好的稳定性,因此导致鄱阳湖洲滩植被全年的总体健康状态比单一季节具有更好的稳定性。本研究结果对于科学的认识鄱阳湖洲滩植被现状及其变化原因具有重要的现实意义,也为鄱阳湖洲滩湿地管理、生态修复及工程决策提供了重要的科学依据。     

A Richer,Greener and Smaller Alpine World: Review and Projection of Warming-Induced Plant Cover Change in the Swedish Scandes

Alpine plant life is proliferating, biodiversity is on the rise and the mountain world appears more productive and inviting than ever. Upper range margin rise of trees and low-altitude (boreal) plant species, expansion of alpine grasslands and dwarf-shrub heaths are the modal biotic adjustments during the past few decades, after a century of substantial climate warming in the Swedish Scandes. This course of biotic landscape evolution has reached historical dimensions and broken a multi-millennial trend of plant cover retrogression, alpine tundra expansion, floristic and faunal impoverishment, all imposed by progressive and deterministic neoglacial climate cooling. Continued modest warming over the present century will likely be beneficial to alpine biodiversity, geoecological stability, resilience, sustainable reindeer husbandry and aesthetic landscape qualities. These aspects are highlighted by an integrative review of results from long-term monitoring of subalpine/alpine vegetation in the Swedish Scandes. This forms the basis for some tentative projections of landscape transformations in a potentially warmer future. Notably, these results and projections are not necessarily valid in other regions and differ in some respects from model predictions. Continued monitoring is mandatory as a basis for generation of more realistic vegetation and ecosystem models.     

Socioeconomic Dimensions of Changes in the Agricultural Landscape of the Mediterranean Basin: A Case Study of the Abandonment of Cultivation Terraces on Nisyros Island,Greece

Agricultural landscapes illustrate the impact of human actions on physical settings, and differential human pressures cause these landscapes to change with time. Our study explored changes in the terraced landscapes of Nisyros Island, Greece, focusing on the socioeconomic aspects during two time periods using field data, cadastral research, local documents, and published literature, as well as surveys of the islanders. Population increases during the late 19^th to early 20^th centuries marked a significant escalation of terrace and dry stone wall construction, which facilitated cultivation on 58.4% of the island. By the mid-20^th century, the economic collapse of agricultural activities and consequent emigration caused the abandonment of cultivated land and traditional management practices, dramatically reducing farm and field numbers. Terrace abandonment continued in recent decades, with increased livestock grazing becoming the main land management tool; as a result, both farm and pasture sizes increased. Neglect and changing land use has led to deterioration and destruction of many terraces on the island. We discuss the socioeconomic and political backgrounds responsible for the land-use change before World War II (annexation of Nisyros Island by the Ottoman Empire, Italy, and Greece; overseas migration opportunities; and world transportation changes) and after the war (social changes in peasant societies; worldwide changes in agricultural production practices). The adverse landscape changes documented for Nisyros Island appear to be inevitable for modern Mediterranean rural societies, including those on other islands in this region. The island’s unique terraced landscapes may qualify Nisyros to become an archive or repository of old agricultural management techniques to be used by future generations and a living resource for sustainable management.     

江西庐山自然保护区主要森林植被水土保持功能评价

随着环境压力的与日俱增以及森林过度采伐带来的生态危机的加剧,森林生态系统控制水土流失与涵养水源功能的量化及机理研究已成为各国生态学家、林学家、水土保持学家共同关注的课题。以江西庐山自然保护区的6种主要森林植被为研究对象,基于野外调查和室内实验获取的相关数据,采用层次分析法,选取郁闭度、丰富度指数、土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、土壤稳渗速率、枯落物储量、枯落物分解强度、海拔、坡度等15个指标构建多层次多指标的水土保持功能评价体系,根据层次总排序结果,分别计算出各指标的权重,并利用线型评分函数求出各森林植被类型水土保持功能的综合评价值,即6种主要森林植被类型水土保持功能排序为:常绿阔叶林玉山竹林常绿-落叶阔叶混交林落叶阔叶林黄山松林马尾松林。