Modification of a soil–vegetation nonlinear interaction model with acid deposition for simplified experimental applicability

In this work we modified a theoretical model of acid deposition in the soil–vegetation interaction to be experimentally applicable. We simplified the expression of the mathematical model of dynamical complex systems by setting parameters into more simple groups, giving an easy-of-validate expression. By the theoretical model it was proposed the nonlinear response of vegetation to acid deposition, which can explain the occurrence of serious and unexpected damages to plantations and forests focused on the catastrophic nature of the effects of aluminum mobility on the vegetation.     

Response of three dominant shrubs to soil water and groundwater along the oasis-desert ecotone in Northwest China

The ecotone from oasis to desert is an important area for combating sandy desertification. Three dominant desert shrubs (Nitraria tangutorum, Calligonuum mongolicum, Haloxylon ammodendrori) were selected in Minqin Oasis, Northwest China, to determine the groundwater level; soil water potential; and change of the three shrubs in density, coverage, and biomass along the natural and seminatural oasis-desert ecotone (ODE), respectively. The results indicated that traits of desert plant interaction with the topsoil water and groundwater depth along the ODE play an important role in generating complex desert vegetation spatial dynamics. Some natural desert plant species with shallow root systems will distribute themselves according to distribution of topsoil water. Thus, the distribution of Nitraria tangutorum had a decreasing trend in distribution along ODE. Calligonuum mongolicum occurs in different trends in natural and seminatural ODE due to utilizing groundwater as well as topsoil water. Some plant species with deep roots, such as Haloxylon ammodendron, will show more degradation near oases and will exhibit an ascending trend along ODE. Therefore, it is of primary importance to protect the integrity of groundwater depth in order to protect the stability of the oasis-desert ecotones. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

基于PCA变换和神经元网络分类方法的中国森林制图研究

主要讨论基于NOAA AVHRR数据生成的NDVI时间序列数据与其他来源的地理数据结合进行中国森林细分类和制图的研究。首先利用ISODATA聚类方法对由NDVI时间序列数据派生的NDVI矩阵变量因子进行土地覆盖类型的分类，然后利用已有的植被类型图、TM影像以及地面样点数据作为参考依据, 进行类合并，获得中国森林边界。然后用PCA方法对NDVI时间序列数据进行信息增强与压缩处理，以排除各种干扰因素，提高分类精度。最后结合部分地理数据和地面样点调查数据，利用神经元网络方法进行中国森林分类，并依据种属和物候学特征、中国气候区划图以及国家植被分类二、三级分类系统，进行重新归类，得到最后的1 km中国森林分类图。分类结果表明，所用方法能够更加细致地划分森林类型，并且能保留一个相对较高的分类精度。     

Effect of Land Cover and Ecosystem Mapping on Ecosystem‐Risk Assessment in the Little Karoo,South Africa

Extinction‐risk assessments aim to identify biological diversity features threatened with extinction. Although largely developed at the species level, these assessments have recently been applied at the ecosystem level. In South Africa, national legislation provides for the listing and protection of threatened ecosystems. We assessed how land‐cover mapping and the detail of ecosystem classification affected the results of risk assessments that were based on extent of habitat loss. We tested 3 ecosystem classifications and 4 land‐cover data sets of the Little Karoo region, South Africa. Degraded land (in particular, overgrazed areas) was successfully mapped in just one of the land‐cover data sets. From <3% to 25% of the Little Karoo was classified as threatened, depending on the land‐cover data set and ecosystem classification applied. The full suite of threatened ecosystems on a fine‐scale map was never completely represented within the spatial boundaries of a coarse‐scale map of threatened ecosystems. Our assessments highlight the importance of land‐degradation mapping for the listing of threatened ecosystems. On the basis of our results, we recommend that when budgets are constrained priority be given to generating more‐detailed land‐cover data sets rather than more‐detailed ecosystem classifications for the assessment of threatened ecosystems. El Efecto de la Cobertura Terrestre y el Mapeo de Ecosistemas en la Valoración de Riesgos en los Ecosistemas en Little Karoo, Sudáfrica     

Analysis of Catenae in the Kivach Reserve: Structure,Succession State,and Potential Composition of Forest Vegetation

Types of catenae of the moraine landscape of the Kivach Reserve have been described, and five ecotopes have been distinguished in their composition. The analysis of ecological ranges of the main forest-forming species has made it possible to predict the potential composition of a tree synusia that included five to seven species in the greater part of the catenae and three species in depressions with stagnant moistening. The population demographic approach has been used to determine the succession status of communities in the study area. Six variants of phytochores have been distinguished in the herb-dwarf shrub layer; the main ecological and succession factors of distribution have been determined for them.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 252–258.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Platonova.     

苏南丘陵主要森林类型保持水土效益的研究

１９９１年度在苏南丘陵地区用径流小区法测得杉木林、火炬松林、栎林及裸地的地表径流系数分别为９．５５％、３８．９９％、６．０１％、４５．３７％。土壤侵蚀量分别为２８１．０ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、２２５．４ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、２３８。４ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、１４４１４．５ｔ／ｋｍ￣２。与裸地相比，森林保持水土的效益非常显著。文中还详细讨论了裸地的土壤侵蚀规律，并给出了裸地土壤侵蚀量的经验预报方程。     

WATER TABLE INDUCED SHRUB-HERBACEOUS ECOTONE: HYDROLOGIC MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Environmental factors were investigated across a shrub-herbaceous ecotone (sharp zone of change) on a sloping site underlain by shallow groundwater on the arid floor of Owens Valley, California. Dominant plant species were salt rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. consimilis [E. Greene] Hall and Clements) and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata var. stricta EL.] E. Greene); typical of many similar habitats across the Great Basin. Historic air photographs were analyzed, and soil properties, water table levels and shrub and herbaceous cover were measured at discrete sample points. To investigate soil and vegetation spatial properties, sample points were apportioned on both sides of the ecotone. Land management practices and fire were ruled out as causal factors for the ecotone which remained stable through a 45-year period of air photo record. Soil textural, chemical and hydraulic properties were similar across the ecotone and were uniform throughout the site. Only depth to the water table changed significantly in a gradient perpendicular to the ecotone. The shrub-herbaceous ecotone was located where the water table depth fluctuated periodically between 0.8 and 1.2 m; deeper water tables than this range favors shrub cover while shallower depths favors meadow vegetation. When extrapolated to hydrologic management such as groundwater pumping, such a shallow depth and a narrow range of amplitude could restrict options for water development if maintenance of meadow vegetation is a goal.     

黄土区植被恢复对土壤物理性质的影响

以黄土区延河流域为研究区域,研究了近40a来植被恢复对土壤容重、孔隙度和饱和导水率等13个土壤物理性质指标的影响.结果表明：随着植被恢复年限增加,土壤容重降低,而土壤孔隙度、>0.25mm团聚体含量、持水性和入渗性能等增大.但在40a内对土壤质地无显著影响.植被恢复对土壤物理性质的影响随恢复年限的增加而增强,随着土层深度的增加而减弱.土壤的容重、>0.25mm团聚体含量和饱和导水率可作为植被恢复生态效应评价的主要物理指标.由于水分等条件的限制,该区柠条林和草地对土壤物理性质的改善优于刺槐林,建议该区植被恢复应以营造次生灌木林和草地为主.     

新安江上游流域径流变化特征与归因分析

开展变化环境下新安江上游流域径流变化及其归因的研究,有助于理解湿润区水循环过程对气候变化和人类活动的响应机制。利用实测径流、气象资料和遥感植被指数（NDVI）数据,基于布迪克假设框架的弹性系数法,分析了新安江上游降水、潜在蒸散发（ET₀）和植被变化对径流的影响。结果表明：（1）实测径流序列转折点发生在1999年左右。2000-2015年径流深较1983-1999年下降了281 mm,相对变化率为20.8%,且21世纪初期径流下降尤为显著。（2）2000-2015年下垫面参数n较1983-1999年增加了52.5%,植被变化对径流影响显著增强。径流对气候变化更加敏感,且对降水敏感性超过潜在蒸散发。（3）气候变化是径流变化的主导因素,其次为植被变化。气候变化和植被变化分别导致径流深下降了145.37 mm和140.96 mm,贡献率分别为50.77%和49.23%。NDVI在2000年后增加显著（P<0.001）,植被变化的水文效应超过了降水和潜在蒸散发,未来长期的植被生态水文效应研究仍需进一步加强。     

黄河源植被时空变化及其对地形和气候的响应

基于2000~2019年MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）遥感数据,辅以同期气温、降水和地形数据,通过最大值合成、趋势分析及相关分析法,分析了黄河源区植被的时空变化特征及其对地形和气候变化的响应.结果表明：黄河源区植被NDVI整体处于中高水平,但空间差异显著,呈现由东南向西北递减的空间分布格局;近20a来,植被总体上呈现出变好的趋势.植被对高程和坡度响应明显,随着高程的增加,植被NDVI呈现先增加后减少的趋势,但在3500~4100m区间植被NDVI变化不显著;此外,植被NDVI随着坡度的增大呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,且在24~26°坡度带植被NDVI达到最大值.黄河源区植被受气温和降水的共同影响,与降水相比,气温对黄河源区植被变化的影响更为显著.