贵州喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分布特征及其影响因素

喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水是喀斯特地区水文及生态环境的重要影响因素。研究喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分布及其规律对贵州喀斯特地区控制水土流失、防治石漠化、恢复生态环境具有重要的理论和实际意义。选取贵州普定县岩溶区内典型的喀斯特峰丛山体,利用时域反射（TDR）测定山体不同位置在不同植被覆盖、地形、土壤特征及岩石分布下的土壤含水率,分析喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水的空间分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明：各种土地利用类型的山体土壤含水率总体由山体上部向下逐渐减小,土壤含水率随埋深加大显著增加,随坡度的增加而减小。总体上植被覆盖地带土壤含水率高于裸露土壤,相同条件下,林地、低矮灌丛、草地对土壤持水性的影响依次减小。岩石上覆土层较厚时,土壤含水率较高;土层浅薄时,土壤含水率偏低.     

不同土地利用类型的地表特征参量的遥感反演研究——以猫跳河流域为例

利用2007年5月Lansat5 TM数据,运用单通道算法,基于全国遥感监测土地利用/覆盖分类体系,对贵州省猫跳河流域的地表特征参量进行了反演,得到不同土地利用类型下的典型地表特征参数值。在3种主要的土地利用类型中,林地的植被指数最高、地表温度最低,农田的植被指数最低而地表温度最高,草地介乎林地和农田之间。城镇建设用地主要表现为热岛效应,而水域则主要表现为地表温度（LST）和归一化植被指数（NDVI）的双低特征。进一步对二级土地利用类型的分析表明,由于结构、功能的不同,土地利用二级类在地表特征参量方面也表现出了有规律地变化。有助于深入认识不同土地利用类型的物理特征,可以丰富主要土地利用类型的影像分类的先验知识,有望将不同土地利用方式的生态环境效应研究推进一步     

Simulating potential vegetation distribution in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study of Barkam County

The main objective of this study is to simulate the potential vegetation types on the basis of environmental parameters.The paper took Barkam County in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau as the study area.The vegetation distribution was mapped in 1994 and 2007 based on TM remote sensing images by object-oriented interpretation method.We overlaid the two maps to find out the vegetation patches which have not changed,and took them as stable types.Fifty per cent of the stable patches were randomly sampled to operate the logistic regression with related environmental parameters;others were used as test data of simulated results.Seven environmental parameters were mapped,including elevation,slope,aspect,surface curvature,solar radiation,temperature and precipitation,based on DEM data and meteorological site data by GIS technology.The relationship between the spatial distribution of vegetation and environmental variables were quantified by logistic regression.The distribution probabilities of each vegetation type were calculated.Finally,the spatial distribution of potential vegetation was simulated.This research can provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological construction in this area.     

First application of automated land evaluation in iran

A computerized land evaluation was employed for a speedy land evaluation to locate a new industrial-urban development site in Iran under a multiple-land-use setting. A special-purpose programming language of modeling was generated to facilitate computer application. In doing so, some types of models were initially tested. Finally, an optimization model was decided on for this purpose, because it provided the best result. Four optimization models using linear programming were developed for evaluating the study area (south of Isfahan) involving agriculture, soil conservation, outdoor recreation, and industrial-urban development. Then, the models were combined to produce a multiple-use optimization model (MOM) for land-use classification and planning of the area. In applying the MOM model, a computerized map was produced to indicate the optimum capability of the area for industrial-urban development, agriculture, soil conservation, and outdoor recreation. The employed methodology provided a quick and meaningful result for the study area, which has a low biological productivity.     

An Environmental Application of Regional Geochemical Mapping in Understanding Enzootic Geophagia of Calves in the Reivilo Area, South Africa

A specific enzootic form of geophagia (the deliberate ingestion of soil) occurs in young cattle and sheep in restricted areas of the Barkley-West, Postmasburg and Vryburg Districts of the Northern Cape- and North West Provinces of the Republic of South Africa. It results in severe, subacute to chronic hepatitis and jaundice, with a high mortality rate in untreated cases. An association between the disease and high concentrations of manganese in soils was shown since all the affected farms are situated on outcrops of the Reivilo Formation of the Campbell Rand Subgroup, which consists mainly of manganiferous dolomite. Furthermore high concentrations of manganese were found in the analysis of liver specimens from affected calves and the characteristic microscopic pathological changes in the liver could be induced experimentally in a calf and lamb by oral administration of manganese sulphate. The highest incidence of geophagia occurs at 7 to 14 days, whereas calves older than about 2 months are rarely affected. The symptoms usually start with intermittent, progressive geophagia, followed by constipation, dehydration and death within ca. 7–10 days in untreated cases. Young calves and lambs display an insatiable appetite for soil and sometimes lick iron poles. The treatment of calves by the parenteral injection of commercial iron-dextran- and vitamin B₁₂ preparations at 1 to 2 days after birth, and at 14 days of age, at the registered therapeutic doses, appeared to have a marked preventative effect on the occurrence of geophagia and its complications. Regional geochemical maps show a northeast–southwest trending anomaly in MnO, Zn and Pb, visually correlating with the distribution of the affected farms. Anomalously high distributions of Pb and Zn are also spatially related to the Pering (Pb,Zn) Mine. In this study, two farms were selected for comparative purposes. Gam, a farm situated on the Reivilo Formation of the Campbellrand Subgroup was chosen where a high incidence of geophagia occurred, as well as the farm Holpan on the Lyttelton Formation of the Malmani Subgroup where the problem was not known to be present. The farm Holpan was chosen as a control area, and is situated close to an old manganese mine on dolomite with a high MnO content. Geographically, Holpan is situated in an area with a high rainfall, with leaching and the formation of deep red soils on the dolomite, together with a hilly relief and low soil pH_{H 2 O}. Gam is situated in an area with lower rainfall, where precipitation would be less than evapotranspiration. The dolomite of the Malmani Subgroup and the Reivilo Formation are significantly different in their soil geochemistry. The MnO, Fe₂O₃ ^T and Co contents are significantly higher in the soils of the Malmani Subgroup than in the Reivilo Formation. The MnO, Zn and Pb contents on Gam are higher than on Holpan, whereas the Fe₂O₃ ^T and Co contents are lower. Soil on Holpan contains iron-minerals such as haematite, while no iron minerals were detected in the soils of Gam. The concretions, found in the soils on both farms, differs remarkably in iron-contents. Concretions on both farms have similar high concentrations of MnO, whereas the FeO content are low for the concretions on Gam and high for Holpan. Preliminary comparative analytical results of the colostrum, sampled from cows with new born calves within three days of birth, do not entirely reflect the soil geochemistry of the different farms. Whereas the soils on Gam have higher MnO, Zn and Pb, and lower Fe₂O₃ ^T and Co than Holpan, the colostrum produced on Gam has lower Mn, Fe and Co than on Holpan. The Pb and Zn concentrations in the colostrum on both farms do not differ significantly. The comparative regional geochemical soil data, together with the colostrum data, suggest that young calves on the farm Gam probably suffer from Fe and Co deficiency. Conversely, it was illustrated that the Fe and Co content in the soils are high and the Fe is abundant in the concretions on the farm Holpan. These findings, together with the apparent absence of geophagia at Holpan, as well as the observed effect of iron and cobalt supplementation in the prevention of geophagia on the farm Gam, suggests an association of geophagia with iron and cobalt deficiencies on the farm Gam.     

Analysis of the Factors of Species Association in Serial Communities of Sown Perennial Grasses by the Method of Direct and Indirect Ordination

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

苏里格气田建设与生态保护

苏里格气田位于鄂尔多斯高原中南部,分布于整个毛乌素沙漠。通过现场调研,分析了气田在工程建设期对周围生态环境的破坏和影响情况,并结合相关规定,制定出气田建设不同时期的生态环境保护措施。     

浅谈乌鲁木齐西山水源保护地植被保护与恢复

植被对水源地在防风保土、涵养水源等生态效能方面起着关键作用。但西山水源地由于地处南山风口,风灾频发,多年的过度放牧和不合理利用,使得区域内水土流失严重、荒漠草场植被盖度降低、生态与环境退化严重。为解决以上问题,需在生态防护功能优先,生态环保安全的前提下,提高生物多样性和景观异质性;充分利用种质资源,以乡土植物为主;合理利用水资源,建立免灌溉植被系统;提升生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。     

Ozone Deposition to a Coniferous and Deciduous Forest in the Czech Republic

Estimates of ozone concentration and deposition flux to coniferous and deciduous forest in the Czech Republic on a 1 × 1 km grid during growing season (April–September) of the year 2001 are presented. Ozone deposition flux was derived from ozone concentrations in the atmosphere and from its deposition velocities. To quantify the spatial pattern in surface concentrations at 1 km resolution incorporating topography, empirical methods are used. The procedure maps ozone concentrations from the period of the day when measurements are representative for the forest areas of countryside. The effects of boundary layer stability are quantified using the observed relationship between the diurnal variability of surface ozone concentration and altitude. Ozone deposition velocities were calculated according to a multiple resistance model incorporating aerodynamic resistance (R _a ), laminar layer resistance (R _b ) and surface resistance (R _c ). Surface resistance (R _c ) comprises stomatal resistance (R _sto ). R _sto was calculated with respect to global radiation, surface air temperature and land cover. Modelled total and stomatal ozone fluxes are compared with the maps describing equivalent values of AOT40 (accumulated exposure over threshold of 40 ppb). For forests, the critical level (9,000 ppbh May–July daylight hours) is exceeded over 50% of forested territory. This indicates the potential for effects on large areas of forest. There is significiant correspondence between the exposure index AOT40 and the total ozone flux, but the relation between the total ozone flux and AOT40 exposure index is not clear in all parts of the forest territory.