Using Steady‐State Backwater Analysis to Predict Inundated Area from National Water Model Streamflow Simulations

National Water Model (NWM) simulates the hydrologic cycle and produces streamflow forecasts for 2.7 million reaches in the National Hydrography Dataset for continental United States (U.S.). NWM uses Muskingum–Cunge channel routing, which is based on the continuity equation. However, the momentum equation also needs to be considered to obtain more accurate estimates of streamflow and stage in rivers, especially for applications such as flood‐inundation mapping. Here, we used a steady‐state backwater version of Simulation Program for River NeTworks (SPRNT) model. We evaluated SPRNT’s and NWM’s abilities to predict inundated area for the record flood of Hurricane Matthew in October 2016. The Neuse River experienced record‐breaking floods and was well‐documented by U.S. Geological Survey. Streamflow simulations from NWM retrospective analysis were used as input for the SPRNT simulation. Retrospective NWM discharge predictions were converted to stage. The stages (from both SPRNT and NWM) were utilized to produce flood‐inundation maps using the Height Above Nearest Drainage method which uses the local relative heights to find out the local draining potentials and provide spatial representation of inundated area. The inundated‐area accuracies for NWM and SPRNT (based on comparison to a remotely sensed dataset) were 65.1% and 67.6%, respectively. These results show using steady‐state SPRNT results in a modest improvement of inundation‐forecast accuracy compared to NWM.     

A CyberGIS Integration and Computation Framework for High‐Resolution Continental‐Scale Flood Inundation Mapping

We present a Digital Elevation Model‐based hydrologic analysis methodology for continental flood inundation mapping (CFIM), implemented as a cyberGIS scientific workflow in which a 1/3rd arc‐second (10 m) height above nearest drainage (HAND) raster data for the conterminous United States (CONUS) was computed and employed for subsequent inundation mapping. A cyberGIS framework was developed to enable spatiotemporal integration and scalable computing of the entire inundation mapping process on a hybrid supercomputing architecture. The first 1/3rd arc‐second CONUS HAND raster dataset was computed in 1.5 days on the cyberGIS Resourcing Open Geospatial Education and Research supercomputer. The inundation mapping process developed in our exploratory study couples HAND with National Water Model forecast data to enable near real‐time inundation forecasts for CONUS. The computational performance of HAND and the inundation mapping process were profiled to gain insights into the computational characteristics in high‐performance parallel computing scenarios. The establishment of the CFIM computational framework has broad and significant research implications that may lead to further development and improvement of flood inundation mapping methodologies.     

平朔露天煤矿排土场植被恢复树木短期死亡动态研究

以平朔露天煤矿排土场0.8 hm2刺槐+油松混交林复垦模式下固定监测样地为研究平台,以2010年和2015年两次调查数据为基础,分析了五年间样地内主要树种的短期死亡动态.结果表明:样地内所有树木总个体数由1026株减少到947株,死亡个体79株,占2010年总个体数的7.7%,刺槐和油松的平均胸径增量分别为1.44 cm和1.92 cm,样地内所有树木的胸高断面积增加2.3 m2·hm-2,中径级个体(7 cm相似文献   

INFLUENCE OF TWO WOODY RIPARIAN SPECIES ON CRITICAL CONDITIONS FOR STREAMBANK STABILITY: UPPER TRUCKEE RIVER,CALIFORNIA1

Over the past 35 years, a trend of decreasing water clarity has been documented in Lake Tahoe, attributable in part to the delivery of fine grained sediment emanating from upland and channel erosion. A recent study showed that the Upper Truckee River is the single largest contributor of sediment to Lake Tahoe, with a large proportion of the sediment load emanating from streambanks. This study combines field data with numerical modeling to identify the critical conditions for bank stability along an unstable reach of the Upper Truckee River, California. Bank failures occur during winter and spring months, brought on by repeated basal melting of snow packs and rain‐on‐snow events. Field studies of young lodgepole pines and Lemmon's willow were used to quantify the mechanical, hydrologic, and net effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Lemmon's willow provided an order of magnitude more root reinforcement (5.5 kPa) than the lodgepole pines (0.5 kPa); the hydrologic effects of the species varied spatially and temporally and generally were of a smaller magnitude than the mechanical effects. Overall, Lemmon's willow provided a significant increase in bank strength, reducing the frequency of bank failures and delivery of fine grained sediment to the study reach of the Upper Truckee River.     

An Integrated Approach to Reservoir Management: The Williston Reservoir Case Study

/ The management of industrial reservoirs for hydroelectric energy can cause severe impacts to surrounding communities. This study examines the generation of dust along the northern foreshore zones of Williston Reservoir in northern British Columbia. The dust is generated in the spring when the reservoir levels are low and impacts a relocated First Nations' village (Tsay Keh) at the north end of the reservoir. Data were gathered to provide an overview of the physical conditions that contribute to the dust problem, including a social survey, soil analysis, and vegetation inventory. The study provides a scoping method to assess a large-scale and complex problem with respect to dust management along a large reservoir. Methods for dust control include short- and long-term solutions that integrate the use of native vegetation along the foreshore zones of the reservoir.     

人口与经济发展对植被的影响研究——以重庆市为例

植被是陆地表面主要的覆盖物,也是许多地球系统过程的重要变量.人类活动对植被的影响在区域尺度上是显著的.以重庆市为例,使用滑动平均和SG滤波对SPOT/VGT-NDVI时间序列数据进行了平滑处理,结合GDP和人口栅格化数据,从时间序列和空间相关场两个方面分析了植被与人类活动因子之间的时空相关性.结果表明,从1998到2005年,植被的分布和生长状况并没有随GDP和人口的持续增加而增加.在时间序列上,植被覆盖与GDP和人口之间总体上呈显著的负相关关系;在空间上,这种相关关系表现出了较强的异质性.空间相关场表明:较强的负相关主要发生在相对发达的主城区周围,反映了快速的经济发展和城市化使得植被面积和生产力降低;然而在偏远的山区,由于经济落后同时植被覆盖较少,出现了正相关.     

塔里木河下游植被覆盖度变化与地下水质关系

植被覆盖度的变化是地球内部作用与外部作用的共同结果,但在短期内主要受人类活动的影响.人类对自然植被覆盖度的影响最常见的就是通过对水分和水质状况的改变而影响植被覆盖度的变化.本研究基于2002~2007年间塔里木河下游地下水化学特征变化的监测资料和植被覆盖度的适时监测,探讨了植被覆盖度与地下水质之间的关系.结果表明,植被覆盖度在沿河道方向上,从A断面的80%,下降到Ⅰ断面的不足10%;在垂直河道方向上表现为距离输水河道越近植被覆盖度越高的特点;地下水pH值也表现出沿河道方向从上段到下段,从距离河道近处向距离河道远处下降的变化趋势.回归分析发现,胡杨覆盖度随地下水pH值的升高而指数增加,柽柳覆盖度则随地下水pH值的增加而降低.胡杨和柽柳与地下水质的关系是造成胡杨主要分布于距离河道近处而柽柳则分布在远离河道处的因素之一.     

植被覆盖对沙尘天气滞后性影响的机制分析

1982～2000年卫星和335个气象台站沙尘天气观测资料相关分析显示,中国区域沙尘天气年发生频次与植被覆盖率存在非线性关系.在沙尘天气主要发生源地,夏季植被的覆盖状况会直接影响后期冬春两季各类沙尘天气的发生次数,而这种影响机制却不清楚.本研究通过准地转正压模式,从3个摩擦量级分析了上述现象的物理机制.结果表明,在大气与水面摩擦系数量级,最高可在72 h内使边界层大气风速平均下降90%;在大气与裸土摩擦量级,18 h内边界层大气平均风速最高可下降100%;在大气与植被摩擦量级,1 h内边界层大气平均风速就可以下降100%.观测事实和模拟结果证实,地表植被残存的根茎,是影响冬春两季沙尘天气发生频次的重要因素之一.残留根茎对大气的摩擦阻挡作用,是夏季植被对沙尘天气产生滞后性作用的主要机制.     

常用卫星图像数据光谱变换新方法

阐述了卫星图像提取数据信息的光谱变换法的基本原理和方法,并详细介绍了各种卫星图像的数据变换方程。     

重金属废水的生物治理技术研究进展

重金属污染水体的修复是目前研究的热点之一,其中生物治理技术尤其得到了广泛关注。利用菌类微生物的表面结构特性及其生化代谢作用,通过吸附法、代谢法、絮凝法等将重金属元素与水体分离或降低其毒性,可达到废水治理的目的。运用藻类细胞壁对重金属离子的化学吸附作用,可从水体中分离出重金属离子,国内外对此进行了广泛研究。种植能富集重金属的水生植物可有效治理受污染的天然水体。基因工程技术在这一领域的应用,加强了菌类和微藻的吸附、代谢、絮凝功能,提高了废水处理能力。固定化技术的应用提高了废水治理的效率及稳定性,有力地推动了重金属废水微生物治理技术的发展。文章综述了近年来国内外在利用微生物及植物技术治理重金属废水方面的研究进展,并对其发展方向进行了展望。