Dynamics of Restoration Processes in the Idle Solonetz Ecosystems in the Southern Transural Region

The initial period of idleness in the solonetz ecosystems of the southern Transural Region is characterized by a significant variability of their soil–plant communities, which is determined by natural periodicity and general direction of the process of ecosystem restoration. Selective consumption of salinizing ions by the plants growing on idle land activates the development of desalinization processes.     

三江源植被保持土壤能力的时空变化

为深入了解三江源区植被保持土壤的能力,以RS和GIS为技术支撑,在对三江源区植被覆盖度动态变化特征分析的基础上,利用SL190—2007《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》推荐的中国土壤侵蚀模型CSLE(Chinese soil loss equation)估算了2000—2010年三江源区植被的土壤保持能力,并分析其时空动态变化特征. 结果表明:①2000—2010年三江源区年均植被覆盖度为43%~50%;植被平均土壤保持量为849~955 t/km2,并且空间差异很大,总体上呈自西北向东南增加的空间分布格局. ②2000—2010年植被的土壤保持能力呈逐渐增加趋势,其中2000—2005年各流域的土壤保持能力平均增加了约29 t/km2,并以大夏河与洮河流域土壤保持能力的增幅(约700 t/km2)最大,其次为玛曲至龙羊峡(约300 t/km2),羌塘高原区植被的土壤保持能力增幅(仅2.08 t/km2)最小;2005—2010年各流域的土壤保持能力呈现轻微增长,平均增加了约9 t/km2,其中增幅较大的是柴达木盆地东和直门达至石鼓流域(约16 t/km2),增幅最小的是羌塘高原区(仅3.90 t/km2). ③三江源植被土壤保持能力随植被覆盖度的增加呈非线性增长,可通过指数或幂函数形式表达. 研究显示,增加植被覆盖度有助于提高三江源区的土壤保持能力、控制区域土壤侵蚀.      

A Hydraulic MultiModel Ensemble Framework for Visualizing Flood Inundation Uncertainty

While deterministic forecasts provide a single realization of potential inundation, the inherent uncertainty associated with forecasts also needs to be conveyed for improved decision support. The objective of this study was to develop an ensemble framework for the quantification and visualization of uncertainty associated with flood inundation forecast maps. An 11‐member ensemble streamflow forecast at lead times from 0 to 48 hr was used to force two hydraulic models to produce a multimodel ensemble. The hydraulic models used are (1) the International River Interface Cooperative along with Flow and Sediment Transport with Morphological Evolution of Channels solver and (2) the two‐dimensional Hydrologic Engineering Center‐River Analysis System. Uncertainty was quantified and augmented onto flood inundation maps by calculating statistical spread among the ensemble members. For visualization, a series of probability flood maps conveying the uncertainty in forecasted water extent, water depth, and flow velocity was disseminated through a web‐based decision support tool. The results from this study offer a framework for quantifying and visualizing model uncertainty in forecasted flood inundation maps.     

Intercomparison of Satellite Remote Sensing‐Based Flood Inundation Mapping Techniques

The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of five different digital image processing techniques to map flood inundation extent with Landsat 8–Operational Land Imager satellite imagery. The May 2016 flooding event in the Hempstead region of the Brazos River, Texas is used as a case study for this first comprehensive comparison of classification techniques of its kind. Five flood water classification techniques (i.e., supervised classification, unsupervised classification, delta‐cue change detection, Normalized Difference Water Index [NDWI], modified NDWI [MNDWI]) were implemented to characterize flooded regions. To identify flood water obscured by cloud cover, a digital elevation model (DEM)–based approach was employed. Classified floods were compared using an Advanced Fitness Index to a “reference flood map” created based on manual digitization, as well as other data sources, using the same satellite image. Supervised classification yielded the highest accuracy of 86.4%, while unsupervised, MNDWI, and NDWI closely followed at 79.6%, 77.3%, and 77.1%, respectively. Delta‐cue change detection yielded the lowest accuracy with 70.1%. Thus, supervised classification is recommended for flood water classification and inundation map generation under these settings. The DEM‐based approach used to identify cloud‐obscured flood water pixels was found reliable and easy to apply. It is therefore recommended for regions with relatively flat topography.     

上海市生态用地属性与空气负离子浓度的关联性

空气负离子具有杀菌、降尘、清洁空气的功效,能够表征环境空气的清洁度.为探明上海市生态用地空气负离子浓度的分布特征,便于人们休闲游憩,选择24个上海市生态核查样区,在植被最为茂盛的夏季进行空气离子浓度监测(离子迁移率为0.4 cm2/(V· s)),共获得正、负离子现场监测数据各21 600个,研究生态用地属性与空气负离子浓度的关系.结果表明:外环以内生态用地负离子浓度总体低于外环以外,内陆地区总体低于临海地区,上海植物园最低,海湾森林公园最高;除东平森林公园外,其他生态用地空气负离子浓度均大于正离子浓度;市区的共青森林公园、世纪公园,郊区的余山森林公园、金山岛自然保护区等8个样区CI均大于1,空气清洁度为A,最清洁;负离子浓度与植被覆盖度、LAI总体没有明显相关性,但在同一样区3个样方植被覆盖度相差大于等于0.10或LAI相差大于等于1的地区,负离子与植被覆盖度、LAI呈正相关性;负离子与温度呈负相关,不具备显著性,与相对湿度呈明显的正相关性.     

崇明东滩湿地植被类型和沉积特征对土壤碳、氮分布的影响

滨海湿地碳、氮储量的分布可能受盐沼植被和外源沉积物的综合影响.本文以长江口典型滨海湿地为研究对象,分别在崇明东滩湿地北部、中部和南部设置3条样线,根据外源沉积物的区域特征研究了3种主要盐沼植被(芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter))和土壤中的有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的季节变化及空间特征.结果显示,崇明东滩湿地北、中部为淤积型滩涂,南部呈侵蚀态势.盐沼植被中芦苇和互花米草生物量TOC、TN累积量均显著高于海三棱藨草带.北、中样线的相同植被类型中的土壤TOC、TN显著高于南样线.高潮滩的芦苇带土壤TOC储量高于中潮滩的互花米草带,而互花米草带土壤TN储量略高于芦苇带,海三棱藨草带和光滩土壤TOC、TN储量最低.盐沼植被类型显著影响土壤各层次TOC和TN储量的分布,其中,0~10 cm层次储量受植被类型和表层外源沉积物空间特征的交互作用影响.     

基于SOM模型的中国耕地压力分类研究

根据耕地利用在经济、社会和生态方面面临的压力状况,以指标构建原则为基础,设计一套压力大小量化的指标体系,引入具有较强的聚类和容错能力的自组织特征映射(SOM)神经网络模型,在说明SOM 网络模型和算法的基础上,应用自组织特征映射网络的聚类功能,以MATLAB语言构建SOM网络模型,对我国的31省（市、自治区）耕地利用压力大小进行了分类。结果显示我国耕地压力的区域差显著且与经济地域差异有高度的一致性,表明经济发展是耕地压力的主要来源。选取大样本的神经网络训练得到的结果和现实的一致也表明,自组织特征映射模型是一种适用的耕地压力区域分类新方法。     

Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on vegetation diversity and structure: a case study in the remnant forests surrounding the village ecosystems of Tripura,Northeast India

The types, frequency, and intensity of human interference with forests markedly affect the vegetation dynamics. Assessment of the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on forest diversity and structure is one of the central issues related to human behaviour and forest ecosystems and management. Both species diversity and density are very sensitive to local anthropogenic disturbance, which can be reduced depending on land-use systems. We used 10 line transects of 500 × 10 m to record and measure all plants ≥10 cm girth in some of the remaining forests surrounding villages in Tripura, Northeast India. To predict the effects of anthropogenic pressure on species richness and forest structure, we recorded and scored all ongoing disturbances in all transects of the forests. Although our study did not show any significant effects on the mean number of species, all diversity indices were significantly affected by disturbance. Total stem density (F = 128.60, p < 0.0001) and basal area (F = 65.30, p < 0.0001) of the forest stands were significantly affected by disturbance. Disturbance significantly (F = 84.81, p < 0.0001) impacts the abundance of mature voluminous trees removed by extensive illegal logging. Further, stem density at the middle (F = 10.01, p < 0.05) and upper (F = 131.70, p < 0.0001) canopy stories was also reduced by high disturbance intensity. The present analysis will be useful to policy-makers and planners for implementation of sustainable forest management at both the local and regional scale.     

Radon mapping by retrospective measurements - an approach based on CDs/DVDs

This article points out the ability to map retrospective ²²²Rn concentrations by home stored CDs/DVDs. The method employs the high radon absorption ability of the polycarbonate material of CDs and DVDs and their track-etch properties. The principle steps for the application of the method are addressed. The possibility for individual a posteriori calibration is studied, demonstrating that better than 10% accuracy in retrospective measurements is potentially achievable. Results from retrospective measurements in three different regions are shown, demonstrating the potential of the method for large-scale radon mapping. Comparison with independently evaluated retrospective ²²²Rn concentrations in places with known radon history was made and very good correspondence was observed. The experience indicates that the method can be used for large scale retrospective radon mapping and its applications can be expanded towards mapping of radon concentrations in water and soil gas.