Nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter of Athens,Greece

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) are chemical species of proven mutant and carcinogenic activity. In this study, the concentrations of seven different N-PAHs [2-nitronaphthalene (2N-NAP), 2-nitroflourene (2N-FLU), 2-nitroflouranthene (2N-FLA), 3-nitroflouranthene (3N-FLA), 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR) and 2-nitropyrene (2N-PYR)] were determined in two fractions of atmospheric particulate matter from the atmosphere of Athens: coarse (2.4 μm?10 μm ) and fine (<2.4 μm ). 3N-FLA was not detected, whereas 1N-PYR, mostly originating from emissions from burning fuel, showed the maximum observed concentrations for both fractions and for the whole experimental period (especially during winter). In addition, 2N-FLA, a secondary nitro-PAH produced by photochemical reactions, showed relatively high values. Analysis of statistical data for N-PAH concentrations, using clustering technique, showed that: (1) 1N-NAP, 2N-FLU and 1N-PYR are mainly produced by direct burning; and (2) photochemical reactions are the dominant sources of 2N-NAP, 2N-PYR and 2N-FLA.     

Hematological responses of broiler chickens exposed to simulated crude petroleum emissions

Hematological responses of broiler chicken exposed to simulated crude petroleum emissions at varying distances over a period of 16 h daily were evaluated for 56 days in a poultry house. The burning of crude petroleum was simulated with a specially designed burner. The measured distances were 4, 8, or 12 m from the flame point. Control birds were located in a separate poultry building without the flame treatment. Gaseous emissions from the burning crude oil were monitored. Proprietory broiler starter and finisher diets were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were taken at the fourth and eighth weeks for hematological assay from each treatment. The hematological parameters assayed were hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Results indicated that the treatment did not significantly affect the Hb, PCV, and WBC constituents. Neutrophils significantly decreased while lymphocytes increased. The age of birds significantly increased Hb, PCV, and WBC levels in the blood.     

Hormonal responses of broiler chickens to simulated crude petroleum flame and fumes

Hormonal responses of broiler chickens exposed to crude petroleum flame and fumes at varying distances over a period of 16 h daily were evaluated for 56 days in a poultry house. The burning of crude petroleum was simulated in a designed burner. The measured distances were 4, 8, or 12 m from the flame point. The experimental design was a two-factor factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) with factor A as distance from the crude petroleum flame and factor B was the age of birds in weeks. One hundred and eighty Anak day-old broiler chickens were divided into four groups of 45 birds each, replicated thrice at 15 birds per replicate. Control birds were located in a separate poultry building without the flame treatment. Gaseous emissions from the burning crude oil were monitored. Proprietary broiler starter and finisher diets were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were taken at the fourth and eighth week for hormone radioimmunoassay from each treatment. The hormones assayed were growth hormone (GH), thyroxine (T₄,), and adrenaline. Results indicated that treatments did not significantly alter hormonal levels. The age of birds significantly affected the levels of all three hormones measured.     

风电场生命周期CO2排放核算与不确定性分析

提出了风力发电技术生命周期能耗和CO2排放核算的详细方法.应用上海某风电场数据进行核算,结果认为,风机生产阶段能耗和CO2排放占风电场生命周期能耗和CO2排放的比例均为最大,分别为68.23%和67.18%.不确定性分析认为,在所有强度参数中,钢生产综合能耗最为灵敏.风电场能耗强度和CO2强度分别为3.24gce/(kW?h)和9.47g/(kW?h),明显低于300MW火力发电机组的相同指标,分别为330gce/(kW?h)和915g/(kW?h). 20a服役期的50MW风电场满期后,同比300MW火电机组少排放CO2约234万t.     

车路协同下信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法

为降低两难区对信号控制交叉口交通安全的影响,针对车路协同环境下交通信息获取方式及交叉口区域车辆运行特点,提出信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法。在分析各种两难区问题改善措施的适用性基础上,确定车路协同环境下信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法的工作流程,综合运用车速引导、动态绿灯时间延长和黄灯时间调整等3种措施降低车辆进入两难区的概率,并提出主要参数计算方法。运用Vissim软件进行仿真试验,结果表明,笔者建立的两难区问题改善方法能使车辆闯红灯次数平均降低78.1%,且改善效果在低峰流量时优于高峰流量时。     

基于ISO 26262的车道偏离预警系统概念设计与仿真

以道路车辆功能安全规范标准ISO 26262为准则,对汽车的车道偏离预警系统（LDWS）进行了概念设计。首先分析了ISO 26262功能安全规范概念阶段的活动内容,并在此基础上,完成车道偏离预警系统的项目定义、危险分析和评估,设计了功能安全概念的相关工作,确定了功能安全等级和安全目标。最后搭建了UML仿真模型对LDWS概念设计阶段进行仿真测试,测试结果表明此设计能够满足ISO 26262规范标准,实现了车道偏离预警系统的功能安全概念设计,对车道偏离预警系统的安全开发具有指导意义。     

震源车主动防侧翻预警系统研

为了防止震源车在野外行驶过程中发生侧翻事故,实现对震源车危险状态的提前预警,迫切需要开展震源车主动防侧翻预警系统研究。基于震源车不同工况下的侧倾稳定性分析,结合国内外现有车辆侧翻预警指标特点,采用多级判断原则,建立了一种能综合判断不同行驶工况的震源车侧翻预警指标A和主动防侧翻预警系统,并通过MATLAB/simulink软件对该预警系统进行仿真模拟分析。研究结果表明:震源车侧倾稳定性随转弯速度、转向角、坡度角等参数的增大而呈现降低趋势;同时,该预警系统能通过侧翻预警指标A实现对震源车平路转向和斜坡转向过程中的行驶状态进行准确判断,并发出不同级别的声光报警。此研究将为进一步开展震源车预警系统的试验研究奠定理论基础。     

广州市机动车人行横道让行行为及影响因素分析

为了探索广州市机动车驾驶员人行横道处让行行为的特征与其影响因素,采用实地调查、问卷调查和卡方检验等方法,对广州市3处典型人行横道处进行现场观测,发放并收集434份有效问卷,开展机动车让行率、行人和驾驶员对于让行行为的认知及态度、驾驶员特征因素对让行行为频率的影响等方面的统计分析。研究结果显示,广州市机动车在人行横道处减速或停车让行的比例低于15%;女性驾驶员、年龄较大的驾驶员和受教育程度高的驾驶员更倾向于在人行横道处让行。     

上海市机动车尾气排放协同控制效应研究

以2007~2012年为一个时间序列,通过详细调查上海市机动车道路交通等基础资料对机动车各污染物排放量进行测算,并利用协同控制坐标系评价方法,设计单一措施、结构性措施和综合性措施等3种机动车污染减排控制情景.结果表明:2007~2012年,上海市机动车污染物年排放量呈递减趋势,其中摩托车(MC)、小型汽油客车(LDGV)、重型柴油货车(HDDT)和大型柴油客车(HDDV)是机动车污染物主要的排放源,其排放量总和占到机动车污染物总量的90%以上.按当前上海市机动车保有量增长速度,2018年机动车尾气排放的可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)增长7%,温室气体增长比例为15%~108%,其中二氧化碳(CO₂)增长比例达到45%以上.在各控制情景下污染物和温室气体均有不同程度下降,但减排效果有明显差异.在单一措施控制情景下,淘汰黄标车和提高排放标准对两类污染物的削减效果明显,削减比例均在20%以上;而结构性控制措施对这两类污染物的削减尤为明显,削减比例达到40%以上且正向协同效应突出.     

Tourism effects on the environment and economic sustainability of sub-Saharan Africa

This paper integrates tourism, economic growth, and environmental issues in a multivariate format. Unlike recent research on this topic, a panel data of selected sample nations of sub-Saharan Africa is adopted by using cointegration and panel regression models. The current research discovers both long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamics between economic growth, tourism, energy use, and carbon emissions in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, tourism and energy use show a highly significant direct impact on economic growth. In addition, tourism, energy use, and economic growth yield a highly significant positive effect on carbon emissions. Dissecting the region into oil producers and non-oil producers further suggests that the economic growth of sub-Saharan Africa has been accomplished by strong growth in tourism and energy use. However, there is highly significant evidence that in oil producing countries, CO₂ emissions are directly affected by energy use and economic growth and not by tourism. For non-oil producing countries, tourism and energy use but not economic growth incur a highly significant positive impact on carbon emissions.