Objective: This article discusses the characteristics and injury patterns of serious road injuries (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale [MAIS] 2+ inpatients) in The Netherlands.
Methods: In The Netherlands, the actual number of serious injuries is estimated by linking police data to hospital data. The distribution of serious road injuries over (1) travel mode and gender and (2) crash type and age are compared for the years 2000 and 2011. Moreover, the distribution of the injuries over the body regions is illustrated using colored injury body profiles.
Results: The number of serious injuries is higher for men than for women and increased from 16,500 in 2000 to 19,700 in 2011. In 2011, about half (51%) of the serious road injuries were due to a bicycle crash not involving a motor vehicle. The share of casualties aged 60 years and older is relatively high (43% in 2011) in these crashes. The injury body profiles show that head injuries (31%) and injuries to the lower extremities (37%) are most prevalent. Compared to other travel modes, pedestrians and riders of powered 2-wheelers relatively often sustain lower-leg injuries compared to other travel modes. Head injuries are most prevalent in cyclists who are injured in a crash with a motorized vehicle. Cyclists who are injured in a crash not involving a motor vehicle and casualties of 60 years and older relatively often include hip or upper-leg injuries.
Conclusion: The characteristics of serious road injuries differ from those of fatalities and the distribution of injuries over the body differs by travel mode, gender, and age. 相似文献
A tracer model, the DREAM, which is based on a combination of a near-range Lagrangian model and a long-range Eulerian model, has been developed. The meteorological meso-scale model, MM5V1, is implemented as a meteorological driver for the tracer model. The model system is used for studying transport and dispersion of air pollutants caused by a single but strong source as, e.g. an accidental release from a nuclear power plant. The model system including the coupling of the Lagrangian model with the Eulerian model are described. Various simple and comprehensive parameterizations of the mixing height, the vertical dispersion, and different meterological input data have been implemented in the combined tracer model, and the model results have been validated against measurements from the ETEX-1 release. Several different statistical parameters have been used to estimate the differences between the parameterizations and meterological input data in order to find the best performing solution. 相似文献
The environmental situation in Ghana is characterized by desertification, land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, and
inadequate water supply in the northern regions of the country. The population as a whole is growing at a rate of 3% per annum,
with even greater urban growth rates, due to rural out-migration. Large parts of the coastal zone in the south are rapidly
developing to become one large suburbanized area. Water quality is particularly threatened in the urban and industrialized
areas, which are mainly located in the southern part of the country. The coastal lagoons and coastal waters are moderately
to heavily polluted. Erosion extends along the whole Ghanaian coast with excesses, for example, in the Keta area, where during
the last century over 90% of the original buildings have been washed awayby the sea. The obvious environmental consequences
of the mining sector are illustrative of the environmental threats caused by a fast growing industry and industrializing agriculture,
in a country where environmental policy is only in its formative years. Desertification, food insecurity and coastal erosion
all contribute to an increasing number of environmental refugees.
Environmental policy in Ghana is a post-Rio phenomenon. Environmental laws, a Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology,
an advisory National Committee for the Implementation of Agenda 21, and a fully mandated environmental administration have
been established. This administration advocates a progressive attitude towards environmental legislation and points out the
specific utility of economic and legal instruments in environmental management in this relatively fast developing country.
The choice of instruments for environmental management is increasingly influenced by the specific state of African environmental
and technological capacity and by a call for the recognition of the role of traditional customs in nature conservation. This
African perspective on environmental management is further intensified by an unmet need for regional, transboundary cooperation
in the West African subcontinent. This specific West African context calls for an elaboration of an effective capacity-building
program for environmental management in the area. 相似文献
To investigate the vertical profiles of air pollutants in the boundary layer, aircraft and balloon-born measurements and measurements
using a cable car as an instrument platform have been performed in different parts of the Alps. This on-line monitoring of
atmospheric pollutants requires expensive and sophisticated techniques. In order to control ambient air quality in remote
regions, where no infrastructure like power supply is available, simple instruments are required. The objective of this study,
which was coordinated and evaluated by the GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit was first, to investigate the vertical
distribution of ozone in different parts of the Alps and secondly, in addition to continuous analyser measurements, to test
monitoring by means of two types of passive samplers. The selection of these samplers — one for one week use and another one
for two week application — was based on a passive sampler intercomparison done in a preliminary study one year earlier. 相似文献