工业废油污染程度的熵权灰色关联模糊评价

在工业废油污染程度综合评价研究中,各类复杂油质和众多影响因素相互作用,各个理化指标间相互联系、相互干扰,因而在评价中存在一些模糊的概念和表象。采用熵权法客观赋权,灰色关联与模糊综合评价相结合的方法建立工业废油污染程度的评价排序模型。根据算例评价结果可知,该方法提供一种新的简便而快捷、适用的评价手段,为选择合适工业废油处理方式,以及工业废油的资源化和环境保护研究提供一定的理论依据。     

A yearly maximum sea level simulator and its applications: A Stockholm case study

A yearly maximum sea level simulator for Stockholm is presented. The simulator combines extreme sea level estimates and mean sea level rise projections into a joint probabilistic framework. The framework can be used, for example, to assess the risk that new structures placed at the current minimum allowed height above the sea level can become flooded in the future. Such assessments can be used to underpin future building free levels, which would be a great improvement over the much more arbitrary criteria in use today. Another strong point of the framework is that it can be used to quantify the influence of uncertainties in mean sea level projections, estimates of sea level extremes and future emission scenarios on the risk of flooding. For Stockholm mean sea level uncertainty is found to be much more important than extreme sea level uncertainty. The framework is also set-up to test adaptation measures. It is found that protections that are built once the mean sea level has risen above some given threshold can be very efficient. Lastly, the framework is embedded into a simple decision problem that can be used to calculate risk/reward ratios for land development as a function of height above today’s mean sea level.     

Predation risk assessment by green frog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana clamitans</Emphasis>) tadpoles through chemical cues produced by multiple prey

Many prey assess predation risk through predator chemical cues. Numerous studies have shown that (1) prey sometimes respond to chemical cues produced by heterospecifics and (2) that many species are capable of associative learning. This study extends this research by focusing on predation risk assessment and antipredator behavior in environments containing chemical cues produced by multiple prey species. The results show that green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles (1) assess risk from the chemical cue produced during predation by a heterospecific (gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor, tadpoles) and (2) can exhibit similarly strong behavioral responses to a mix of conspecific and heterospecific cues compared to conspecific cue alone, depending on their conditioning environment. I then discuss how the prey choice of the predators and the relative abundances of the prey species should influence the informational value of heterospecific cues.     

Experimental investigation of bubbly flow and turbulence in hydraulic jumps

Many environmental problems are linked to multiphase flows encompassing ecological issues, chemical processes and mixing or diffusion, with applications in different engineering fields. The transition from a supercritical flow to a subcritical motion constitutes a hydraulic jump. This flow regime is characterised by strong interactions between turbulence, free surface and air–water mixing. Although a hydraulic jump contributes to some dissipation of the flow kinetic energy, it is also associated with increases of turbulent shear stresses and the development of turbulent eddies with implications in terms of scour, erosion and sediment transport. Despite a number of experimental, theoretical and numerical studies, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the physical mechanisms involved in the diffusion and air–water mixing processes within hydraulic jumps, as well as on the interaction between the free-surface and turbulence. New experimental investigations were undertaken in hydraulic jumps with Froude numbers up to Fr = 8.3. Two-phase flow measurements were performed with phase-detection conductivity probes. Basic results related to the distributions of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length are presented. New developments are discussed for the interfacial bubble velocities and their fluctuations, characterizing the turbulence level and integral time scales of turbulence representing a “lifetime” of the longitudinal bubbly flow structures. The analyses show good agreement with previous studies in terms of the vertical profiles of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length. The dimensionless distributions of interfacial velocities compared favourably with wall-jet equations. Measurements showed high turbulence levels. Turbulence time scales were found to be dependent on the distance downstream of the toe as well as on the distance to the bottom showing the importance of the lower (channel bed) and upper (free surface) boundary conditions on the turbulence structure.     

A SIPHON GAGE FOR MONITORING SURFACE-WATER LEVELS1

A device that uses a siphon tube to establish a hydraulic connection between the bottom of an onshore standpipe and a point at the bottom of a water body was designed and tested for monitoring surface-water levels. Water is added to the standpipe to a level sufficient to drive a complete slug of water through the siphoning tube and to flush all air out of the system. The water levels in the standpipe and the water body equilibrate and provide a measurable static water surface in the standpipe. The siphon gage was designed to allow quick and accurate year-round measurements with minimal maintenance. Currently available devices for monitoring surface-water levels commonly involve time-consuming and costly installation and surveying, and the movement of reference points and the presence of ice cover in cold regions cause discontinuity and inaccuracy in the data collected. Installation and field testing of a siphon gage using 0.75-in-diameter polyethylene tubing at Ashumet Pond in Falmouth, Massachusetts, demonstrated that the siphon gage can provide long-term data with a field effort and accuracy equivalent to measurement of ground-water levels at an observation well.     

PCBs contributions to the total TEQ released from Korean municipal and industrial waste incinerators

Non-ortho and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the stack gases and the fly-ash from nine Korean municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). Soil samples collected near MSWI and industrial waste incinerator (IWI) sites were also examined for PCBs. The PCBs levels in the stack gas samples ranged between 0.0046 and 12.0 TEQ-ng/Nm³. The PCB homologue profiles were distinct for the stack gas samples and different from the fly-ash. PCBs levels in soil samples collected near MSWIs and IWI ranged between 0.86 and 19.73 TEQ-ng/g with background levels of 0.17 TEQ-ng/g. The lower chlorination PCBs were dominant in the soil samples. The stack emission PCBs homologue patterns were compared to those detected in the soil samples. The findings suggest that localized point sources as well air mass movement contribute to the deposition of PCBs onto soil.     

吉林省产业系统生态效率评价

将环境效率分解为与产业系统运行过程相对应的源头预防效率、清洁生产效率和末端治理效率,从系统整体协同视角构建整合不同过程效率的生态效率度量模型,并以吉林省为案例进行分析,结果表明:①吉林省在推进产业系统生态效率实践中,末端治理仍是优先选择,其次为清洁生产,最后为源头循环,具有清晰的次序性;②不同类型城市在生态效率路径选择方面存在差异,综合型城市侧重于源头循环,而资源型城市更依赖清洁生产和末端治理;③吉林省产业系统生态效率发展水平从2002年的0.40增长到2008年的0.49,增幅为23.59％,产业发展与环境污染处于脱钩状态;④吉林省产业系统生态效率发展质量指数整体水平较高,而且在波动中趋于上升,增幅为7.19％;⑤吉林省产业系统生态效率从2002年的0.35上升到2008年的0.46,增幅为32.48％,产业系统生态效率发展水平对生态效率进步的贡献度为72.64％,未来应重视提升生态效率发展质量.     

鄱阳湖湿地出露草洲分布特征的遥感研究

利用鄱阳湖区46景不同时相的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+遥感影像,分别提取鄱阳湖的出露草洲范围,并假定只要一个时期是出露草洲就属于草洲,形成鄱阳湖湿地草洲潜在分布图,并分析鄱阳湖湿地出露草洲的分布特征。研究结果表明：(1)利用出露草洲面积与星子水文站观测水位得到二者的关系,表明出露草洲分布及范围受水位的影响显著,高水位时,大部分草洲被水淹没;低水位时,出露草洲面积大。此外,也受气象因素、草洲植物生长期的水位过程等因素影响;(2)出露草洲面积的季节变化明显：随水位的升高而减少,随水位的下降而增加;在植被生长期的春季和夏季,出露草洲面积逐渐减少,在秋季和冬季,出露草洲面积却逐渐增加;出露草洲面积最大在1月,最小在7月;(3)鄱阳湖潜在草洲的面积达2 441 km2,草洲可能出现的范围占整个鄱阳湖面积的69.5%     

地铁轨道结构减振效果的实测分析

通过现场实测,研究地铁运行时不同轨道结构的振动特性及减振效果.通过频域分析得到地铁轨道结构的振动情况.结果表明,地铁诱发的振动的垂向加速度总振级比横向加速度总振级大很多,不同的轨道结构从道床到隧道壁的振动衰减有很大不同,因此评价轨道结构的减振效果应主要以隧道壁的垂向振动为主;浮置板轨道的固有频率约为10 Hz,属于低频...     

浅谈新形势下县级环境监测工作

阐述了县级环境监测站在改革的新形势下,必须积极争取财政的支持,加强监测能力的建设,强化监测质量管理,拓宽技术服务领域,走自我完善,自我发展之路。