云南省城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征

根据《IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和《省级温室气体清单编制指南》方法,建立2018年云南省16个州(市)城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放清单,包括生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理过程,并分析了温室气体排放的时间分布、空间分布和影响因素等。结果表明;(1)2018年云南省生活垃圾处理温室气体总排放量为536万t CO_2当量,各州(市)间排放量差异明显,滇中经济发达地区和滇东北人口密度较高地区排放量明显高于滇西北地区。(2)2005—2018年,云南省生活垃圾处理排放的温室气体量增长了191.3%,温室气体排放组成发生明显变化,CH4比重不断下降,CO_2比重不断增加。(3)城镇人口数量、生活垃圾处理量、经济发展水平与温室气体排放量显著相关,其中人口数量更为明显。     

基于共词分析的城市生活垃圾治理公共政策变迁量化分析

以1979—2020年我国中央政府颁发的411份城市生活垃圾治理政策文本作为研究对象,运用共词与聚类分析方法研究了我国不同时期城市生活垃圾治理公共政策焦点的演变规律。结果发现:纵观我国城市生活垃圾治理公共政策焦点的演变轨迹,在"技术路线"、"垃圾属性"、"管理手段"、"治理结构"和"保障机制"方面发生了显著的政策主题变迁,呈现出垃圾治理朝更加绿色、更加经济方向发展的趋势。未来,应从监管体系、资源评估、财政补贴、空间布局4个方面保障生活垃圾零污染、高价值资源化治理。     

我国城市垃圾现状与可持续发展研究

首先分析我国城市垃圾问题的现状,介绍了我国目前城市垃圾处理技术,并对城市可持续发展垃圾治理问题进行了探讨。     

The importance of context for effective public engagement: learning from the governance of waste

This paper takes a new look at the importance of context – institutional and political – in effective public engagement processes. It does so through a rare comparative opportunity to examine the effectiveness of processes of public engagement in two UK waste authorities, where the same waste company was involved as both the primary contractor for the delivery of the waste management service (including new energy-from-waste facilities) and, furthermore, the same staff delivered the public engagement. Interrogating these cases affords the opportunity to place flesh on the bones of the sometimes ‘abstract’ skeleton of context. While engagement processes support effective local governance in an era of partnerships and deliberative democracy, the paper identifies that the methods adopted cannot be played out devoid of detailed understanding and response to local context, including the strength of partnership working between the public and private sector, the degree of political support for engagement, and the extent to which a traditional institutional paternalism still dominates.     

Facilitating substance phase‐out through material information systems and improving environmental impacts in the recycling stage of a product

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e‐waste ends up in regions with sub‐standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design‐for‐environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase‐outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing‐out substances; facilitating compliance of legal provisions for manufacturers of electrical and electronic devices; and improving the environmental footprint of products as they reach the end of the life cycle. After an introduction to the challenges of electronics waste management, this paper describes supply chain information systems and how they are used to facilitate substance phase‐outs in the electronics industry. Sony Ericsson has been working with phase‐outs of unwanted substances since it was founded in 2001. Through the introduction of a material declaration system that keeps track of all substances in the components used in the company's products, Sony Ericsson has been able to replace unwanted substances to improve environmental impacts at the recycling stage of a product.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场的物质存量特征及其环境影响:以粤港澳大湾区为例

填埋场中的生活垃圾成分复杂,即使在封场后其存量垃圾仍将持续产生温室气体、恶臭、地下水污染等环境问题,是城市生态环境修复的重点领域之一.生活垃圾填埋场物质存量、组成成分和理化特征是掌握其潜在环境影响的关键.但是目前关于填埋场物质存量及其环境影响的研究还不多见.本研究以我国城市化程度最高、人口最为密集的粤港澳大湾区城市群为例,基于国内外报道的科技信息和统计数据,对11个城市的生活垃圾产生量、处理量、组成成分、填埋场存量及关键元素碳存量进行分析.结果表明:①粤港澳大湾区2017年生活垃圾产生量为26. 4 Tg,平均每年增长0. 8 Tg,其中卫生填埋处置占58. 9%;②总生活垃圾填埋处置量为230. 1 Tg,其中食物、塑料和纸类垃圾的累计填埋处置量最多,分别为109. 6、38. 9和29. 6 Tg;③2001～2017年,大湾区城市生活垃圾填埋场总碳输入量为50. 0 Tg,通过填埋气排放的碳为7. 1 Tg,通过渗滤液排放的碳为1. 5 Tg,累积碳存量为41. 4 Tg.本研究可为研究城市生活垃圾填埋场的环境影响提供基础数据,为大湾区城市生态环境修复提供科学依据.     

典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性评价

为考察并掌握典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn的污染现状,以上海市某生活垃圾焚烧厂为例,研究其周边土壤中重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性,采用Tessier连续提取法结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱检测分析表层土壤中目标重金属总量及形态分布,并利用风险评估编码法（RAC）评价其生态风险水平.结果表明:研究区域土壤中Pb和Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态和残渣态为主（>80%）;Cr、Cu和Ni则以残渣态为主（>60%）;Cd虽以残渣态为主（>50%）,但与其他重金属相比,其碳酸盐结合态占比相对较高.生物有效性分析结果显示,Cr、Cu和Ni以惰性态为主,生物有效性低,而潜在可利用态Cd、Pb和Zn占比较高,存在较高的释放风险.土壤中各重金属潜在生态风险水平由高到低依次为Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr,其中,Cu、Pb和Zn处于低风险水平,Cr和Ni处于无风险水平,而Cd处于中等风险水平.研究显示,该垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属已存在不同程度的污染累积,其中,潜在可利用态Cd的占比较高,已达中等风险水平,应引起重视.      

施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对果园土壤有机碳组分的影响

为研究施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤有机碳组分的影响,以果园土壤为研究对象,从时间、空间维度解析长期施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤有机碳积累、组成及其分布规律的影响,结合CPMI（碳库管理指数）和相关性分析,揭示施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤碳汇的影响机制.结果表明,施用餐厨垃圾调理剂可显著提高土壤中w（TOC）（TOC为总有机碳）,并随施用时间的增加逐渐向深层土壤迁移,改善TOC分布状况.随着施用餐厨垃圾调理剂时间的增加,0~20 cm土壤层中w（NOC）（NOC为非活性有机碳）和30~40 cm土壤层中w（AOC）（AOC为活性有机碳）呈增加趋势,AOC分配比例低于NOC分配比例.随着施用时间的增长,0~30 cm土壤层中w（POC）（POC为颗粒有机碳）显著提高,最大值为42.94 mg/g,MOC（矿质结合态有机碳）分配比例与POC分配比例呈相反变化趋势,有利于提高土壤碳稳定性.各土壤层中CPMI均大于空白对照组,最大值为154.437,表明施用餐厨垃圾调理剂有利于提升土壤肥力.相关性分析表明,w（POC）与pH呈负相关,与含水率、EC（电导率）、w（OM）（OM为有机质）呈正相关,其中与含水率相关性最高（R=0.91）.可见,长期施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对提高果园土壤碳汇、改善土壤肥力具有重要意义,研究结果有助于进一步提升土壤碳汇的新型土壤调理剂的研发与应用.      

污泥停留时间对餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥中温厌氧混合发酵系统的影响

采用连续搅拌釜式反应器(CSTR)成功启动了餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合发酵平行系统,重点探究了不同污泥停留时间(SRT)缩减幅度对于餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的影响.结果表明,较大幅度地缩减SRT( 8. 3 d)提升反应器运行负荷,不利于反应器的稳定运行;随着反应器运行负荷的增加,SRT缩减幅度应逐渐降低(5～0. 9 d),能够取得餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的高负荷稳定运行.经过282 d的运行,CSTR混合发酵系统能够在SRT为9. 1 d,进料负荷(以COD计)为(12. 9±1. 5) g·(L·d)~(-1)的条件下稳定运行,相应的甲烷产量为3. 94～4. 25 L·(L·d)~(-1),甲烷产率(以COD计)为288～302 m L·g-1,p H和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA,以COD计)分别稳定在7. 80～7. 83和0. 32～0. 39 g·L-1.此外,还探究了高负荷条件下餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵污泥特性,结果表明,餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统甲烷转化途径以乙酸转化途径为主,具有较高的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的产甲烷活性和辅酶F420的质量摩尔浓度.     

不同预处理方法促进剩余污泥发酵制氢研究进展

综述了剩余污泥发酵制氢的底物预处理方法,主要包括物理法（热水解法、微波法、超声波法、冻融法）;化学法（酸碱预处理、臭氧氧化法）;生物法（生物强化技术、生物酶法）,分析比较了不同预处理方法的剩余污泥发酵制氢体系的氢气含量及产率,污泥处理后溶解性化学需氧量、挥发性脂肪酸含量的变化和工程应用的优缺点,并指出目前研究存在的一些不足和对未来应用前景的展望,以期为剩余污泥发酵制氢预处理方法的研究与应用提供依据.