进口含铅物品的固体废物属性鉴别研究

以进口“未锻轧铅合金"物品为例,对其固体废物属性进行鉴别研究. 在分析送检物品的基本理化特征、危险特性和产生属性的基础上,对未锻轧铅合金的固体废物属性进行综合分析. 结果表明,未锻轧铅合金不是合金金属,可能属于回收废铅酸电池的简单熔炼产物,虽然金属铅得到一定程度富集,但在该物品中仍含有大量杂质成分,在进一步生产中可能会对环境造成污染. 根据《固体废物鉴别导则》的判别原则,最终判定未锻轧铅合金属于固体废物,为海关部门的监管和执法提供了技术依据.      

煤矸石风化物不同粒级中重金属镉含量及其形态变化

对抚顺西露天矿煤矸石山表层煤矸石风化母岩进行多点取样,风化物筛分成>2 mm、2～0.25 mm和<0.25 mm等3个粒级,分析测定了矸石山表层母岩及其风化物不同粒级中Cd含量及其形态变化特征.结果表明:煤矸石母岩及其风化物中cd含量超过土壤环境质量2级标准,页岩、泥岩及其风化物pH值7.2～8.6,但燃后泥岩pH值4.9.碳质页岩2～0.25 mm粒级风化物中Cd损失最多,为73.6%;<0.25 mm细粒级Cd损失较少,为17.0%,这与细颗粒的表面吸附作用有关;泥岩及其各粒级风化物Cd元素不易损失,其Cd含量变化也相对较小;但燃后泥岩风化物中的Cd较容易损失.煤矸石风化物各样品类型中的Cd均以残渣态为主,可还原态和弱酸可提取态所占比例次之,可氧化态所占比例最小.弱酸可提取态Cd在细颗粒风化物中所占比例较高.     

SBBR工艺处理有机农药废水的生产性试验

为了实现SBBR工艺处理有机农药废水在生产上的应用,选择有代表性的农药厂进行生产性试验。试验结果表明:COD、BOD5、SS、TP平均去除率分别为90.1%、91%、88.8%和94.7%,出水水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的二级标准,并且运行稳定、投资省。     

高浓度钻井废泥浆处理工艺的试验研究

为实现钻井泥浆无害化处理,提出了"酸化破胶-固液分离-催化氧化-微生物降解"的处理方法,并采用钻井现场废泥浆进行了系列试验研究。结果表明:泥浆密度调节为1.15 kg/dm3,酸化pH≤3,固液分离效果最佳;过滤分离后固相浸毒液达到国家排放标准;液相经Fenton氧化、微生物降解后,COD将降低到110 mg/L以下。该方法运行成本低,处理彻底无隐患,为进一步工业化试验奠定了基础。     

电子垃圾拆解废渣-土壤-蔬菜中多氯联苯污染特征与健康风险评估

为研究某电子垃圾拆解区废渣-土壤-蔬菜中多氯联苯(PCBs)污染特征及对人体的潜在健康风险.对电子垃圾废渣样品采样3个、废渣旁的农田土壤和蔬菜分别采样10个和18个(油麦菜6个、四季豆6个和圆白菜6个).废渣、土壤和蔬菜中PCBs含量测定采用高分辨气相色谱-质谱法.结果表明,总PCBs水平:废渣(11 938ng·g-...     

Recovery of solid fuel from municipal solid waste by hydrothermal treatment using subcritical water

Hydrothermal treatments using subcritical water (HTSW) such as that at 234 °C and 3 MPa (LT condition) and 295 °C and 8 MPa (HT condition) were investigated to recover solid fuel from municipal solid waste (MSW). Printing paper, dog food (DF), wooden chopsticks, and mixed plastic film and sheets of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were prepared as model MSW components, in which polyvinylchloride (PVC) powder and sodium chloride were used to simulate Cl sources.While more than 75% of carbon in paper, DF, and wood was recovered as char under both LT and HT conditions, plastics did not degrade under either LT or HT conditions. The heating value (HV) of obtained char was 13,886-27,544 kJ/kg and was comparable to that of brown coal and lignite. Higher formation of fixed carbon and greater oxygen dissociation during HTSW were thought to improve the HV of char.Cl atoms added as PVC powder and sodium chloride to raw material remained in char after HTSW. However, most Cl originating from PVC was found to converse into soluble Cl compounds during HTSW under the HT condition and could be removed by washing.From these results, the merit of HTSW as a method of recovering solid fuel from MSW is considered to produce char with minimal carbon loss without a drying process prior to HTSW. In addition, Cl originating from PVC decomposes into soluble Cl compound under the HT condition. The combination of HTSW under the HT condition and char washing might improve the quality of char as alternative fuel.     

Comparing the greenhouse gas emissions from three alternative waste combustion concepts

Three alternative condensing mode power and combined heat and power (CHP) waste-to-energy concepts were compared in terms of their impacts on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a heat and power generation system. The concepts included (i) grate, (ii) bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) and (iii) circulating fluidised bed (CFB) combustion of waste. The BFB and CFB take advantage of advanced combustion technology which enabled them to reach electric efficiency up to 35% and 41% in condensing mode, respectively, whereas 28% (based on the lower heating value) was applied for the grate fired unit. A simple energy system model was applied in calculating the GHG emissions in different scenarios where coal or natural gas was substituted in power generation and mix of fuel oil and natural gas in heat generation by waste combustion. Landfilling and waste transportation were not considered in the model. GHG emissions were reduced significantly in all of the considered scenarios where the waste combustion concepts substituted coal based power generation. With the exception of condensing mode grate incinerator the different waste combustion scenarios resulted approximately in 1 Mton of fossil CO₂-eq. emission reduction per 1 Mton of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerated. When natural gas based power generation was substituted by electricity from the waste combustion significant GHG emission reductions were not achieved.     

甘氨酸母液脱色废活性炭的微波-Fenton试剂氧化法再生

采用微波-Fenton试剂氧化法对甘氨酸母液脱色过程中产生的废活性炭进行再生,考察了废活性炭再生率的影响因素,并用SEM对再生活性炭进行了表征.实验结果表明,在Fenton试剂中n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)为24∶1、H2O2的浓度为25 mmol/L、溶液pH为3、反应温度为55℃、反应时间为18 min、微波功率为600 W时,废活性炭的再生率可达到75.80％.     

响应面法优化阴阳极同时作用电化学法处理染料废水

在自制电化学反应器中,以甲基橙模拟染料废水为处理对象,采用Box-Behnken Design响应面法研究了影响阴阳极同时作用电化学法处理染料废水的因素及其交互作用。实验得出各因素对废水脱色率影响的大小顺序为：电流密度> Fe³⁺浓度>Cl^-浓度。各因素之间的交互作用对废水脱色率影响的大小顺序为：电流密度和Fe³⁺浓度>电流密度和Cl^-浓度>Fe³⁺浓度和Cl^-浓度。优化结果表明：Fe³⁺浓度为1.02 mmol/L、Cl^-浓度为10.96 mmol/L、电流密度为11.52 mA/cm²时,最佳脱色率为94.67%。阴阳极同时作用电化学法对甲基橙去除效果显著。     

MnOx/TiO2催化剂催化燃烧去除废气中的正己烷

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了MnOx/TiO2催化剂,考察了n(Mn):n(Ti)、催化剂载体、气体流量对催化燃烧去除废气中正己烷效果的影响.实验结果表明:随着n(Mn):n(Ti)的增加,正己烷去除率先增加后减小,气体流量减小正己烷去除率增大;当n (Mn):n(Ti)为7.85％、气体流量为100 mL/min时,在240℃时正己烷的去除率为90％,MnOx/TiO2催化活性最大;MnOx/TiO2的催化活性优于MnOx/SiO2;SEM和XRD表征结果表明,所制备的MnOx/TiO2是一种活性物种MnOx高度分散的纳米结构催化剂.