利用工农业有机废弃物生产优质无土栽培基质

简述了无土固体基质的发展史及趋势,综述了利用工农业有机废弃物生产无土栽培基质的研究、开发和应用的现状。根据无土栽培基质的一般要求对利用工农业有机废弃物生产无土栽培基质应注意的问题进行了讨论,提出采用新技术、新工艺进行标准化生产是发展这一具有广阔前景产业的关键。     

白腐真菌与嗜热性侧孢霉复配对棉花秸秆降解的影响

为了解决农业固体废弃物棉花秸秆还田后的快速降解问题,本研究以棉花秸秆在白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉复配下的微生物降解为研究内容,通过对白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉拮抗试验、白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉复配对棉花秸秆降解的最优条件组合筛选试验、白腐真菌与噬热性侧孢霉复配在田间降解秸秆的系列研究进行分析,结果表明:(1)白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉两种菌株共存时不相互抑制菌丝生长,菌株之间不发生拮抗反应,可以对两种菌株进行复配形成棉花秸秆降解菌群;(2)根据L9(34)正交试验结果,综合考虑温度、氮添加量、菌种类型和料水比这四种因素对棉花秸秆中木质素、纤维素和酸性洗涤纤维的降解效果,室内降解棉花秸秆在最优组合条件温度45℃、氮添加量3%、料水比1/2,复合菌群下的效果最好;(3)田间降解试验进一步验证了室内降解实验结果的可靠性,在冬季低温和降雪等情况下,为期50 d的田间试验中复配菌组对棉花秸秆降解率达到29.93%。后续实验需要在考虑实际土壤磷素含量情况下,确定适合于棉花秸秆降解的磷素补充量来促进棉花秸秆在田间快速降解。本研究对农业固体废弃物棉花秸秆在田间的快速降解提供了一种有效的方法,具有很好的实践意义。     

铬渣浸出毒性试验研究

铬渣给环境带来的危害一直困扰着铬盐行业的发展 ,其浸出毒性研究有利于对铬渣危害的监测评估、治理及综合利用。本试验对新渣和陈渣的浸出毒性进行了探讨 ,同时对铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ )进行全量溶取 ,并分析铬渣中主要阴、阳离子的浸出行为。从而提出适宜于评价铬渣浸出毒性的试验方法 ,即 :液固比 2 0∶1,浸取时间 8h、提取剂为HAC NaAC(pH5 0± 0 2 ) ,粒径为 12 0目的浸出体系     

Biofilm responses to marine fish farm wastes

The changes in the biofilm community due to organic matter enrichment, eutrophication and metal contamination derived from fish farming were studied. The biofilm biomass, polysaccharide content, trophic niche and element accumulation were quantified along an environmental gradient of fish farm wastes in two seasons. Biofilm structure and trophic diversity was influenced by seasonality as well as by the fish farm waste load. Fish farming enhanced the accumulation of organic carbon, nutrients, selenium and metals by the biofilm community. The accumulation pattern of these elements was similar regardless of the structure and trophic niche of the community. This suggests that the biofilm communities can be considered a reliable tool for assessing dissolved aquaculture wastes. Due to the ubiquity of biofilms and its wide range of consumers, its role as a sink of dissolved wastes may have important implications for the transfer of aquaculture wastes to higher trophic levels in coastal systems.     

有机固体废弃物热解生产脱水内醚糖的研究

以有机固体废弃物 (废棉絮、废纸 )为原料 ,在管式炉热解反应器热解生产脱水内醚糖。研究了热解温度对热解产物相态分布的影响。同时 ,利用HPLC对脱水内醚糖的产量进行了测定。HPLC分析结果表明 :热解液水相中主要化学物质是乙酸 ,而非水相中主要化学物质是脱水内醚糖     

改性建筑垃圾作为橡胶填料的可行性研究

将废旧混凝土和废粘土砖经湿式表面改性后作为橡胶填料,辅以配合剂与丁苯橡胶进行混炼、硫化制得橡胶组合物,并将其与以等量轻质碳酸钙作为填料,按相同配比混炼、硫化制得的橡胶组合物的性能进行比较.结果表明,将加工成微米级别(0.5～12.0 μm)的建筑垃圾(废旧混凝土或废粘土砖)经水解双(三乙氧基硅基丙基)四硫化物(KH-8...     

Characterization of fulvic acids during olive mill waste composting (Elemental, Thermal and fluorescence analyses)

Elemental analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied to the study of fulvic acids isolated from different stages during olive mill waste composting. The fulvic extracted acids are characterized by a high nitrogen content and O/C ratio values that may result from the high degree of humification and the synthesis of more condensed humic complexes. This was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy in the synchronous-scan mode by the decrease of shoulder intensities at intermediate wavelengths indicating the increase of polycondensation and conjugation of unsaturated structures and the greater uniformity of fluorophores. Fluorescence spectra in the emission, excitation and synchronous modes became simpler with compost maturation. This was confirmed by DSC results which proved the high degree of polycondensation of aromatic nuclei of fulvic acid molecules during olive mill waste composting.     

Variation in some chemical parameters and organic matter in soils regenerated by the addition of municipal solid waste

The organic fraction of a municipal solid waste was added in different doses to an eroded soil formed of loam and with no vegetal cover. After three years, the changes in macronutrient content and the chemical-structural composition of its organic matter were studied. The addition of the organic fraction from a municipal solid waste had a positive effect on soil regeneration, the treated soils being covered with spontaneous vegetation from 1 yr onwards. An increase in electrical conductivity and a fall in pH were noted in the treated soils as were increases in macronutrients, particularly N and available P and the different carbon fractions. Optical density measurements of the organic matter extracted with sodium pyrophosphate showed that the treated soils contained an organic matter with less condensed compounds and with a greater tendency to evolve than the control. A pyrolysis-gas chromatography study of the organic matter extracted with pyrophosphate showed large quantities of benzene both in the treated soils and control; pyrrole was also relatively abundant, although this fragment decreased as the dose rose. Xylenes and pyridine were present in greater quantities in the control and furfural in the treated soils. Three years after addition to the soil, the organic matter had a higher proportion of fragments derived from aromatic compounds and a smaller proportion derived from hydrocarbons. Similarity indices showed that, although the added and newly formed organic matter 3 yr after addition continued to differ from that of the original soil and to be more mineralizable, the transformations it has undergone made it more similar to the original organic matter of the soil than it was at the moment of being added.     

粉煤灰和煤矸石长期浸水后pH的动态变化

监测了不同粒径的煤矸石、粉煤灰及其不同配比的基质在水的长时间浸泡下，其pH的变化规律。并寻找出了适宜于作物生长的粉煤灰与煤矸石的最佳pH配比比例为4：1—8：1。为进一步就地取材，以废治废提供新的思路，可以减少煤矿区生态恢复的费用，具有很好的实际应用潜力。     

我国石油炼制企业清洁生产措施分析

石油炼制工业是我国重要的能源和化工原料生产产业。随着生产负荷的提高，加工深度增加，原料变重变差，石油炼制工业的环境保护压力越来越大。针对石油炼制工业的生产特点，分析其污染源、污染治理现状以及目前存在的一些问题，提出了我国石油炼制企业的清洁生产措施。